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Envolvimento do eixo renina-angiotensina na infeção pelo SARS-CoV-2: papel da enzima de conversão da angiotensina e dos anti-hipertensores IECA na COVID-19

Authors: Vieira, Miguel Paulo Graça Almeida Xavier;

Envolvimento do eixo renina-angiotensina na infeção pelo SARS-CoV-2: papel da enzima de conversão da angiotensina e dos anti-hipertensores IECA na COVID-19

Abstract

A 11 de Março de 2020, a OMS declarou o surto de SARS-CoV-2 uma pandemia. Com o aparecimento de um novo Coronavírus, houve grandes preocupações da comunidade científica em obter um conhecimento aprofundado sobre o vírus, SARS-CoV-2, e a doença causada pelo mesmo, denominada COVID-19. Uma das questões mais pertinentes levantadas foi a possibilidade de doentes com patologias crónicas, medicados com fármacos inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, terem piores outcomes de COVID-19 em comparação com indivíduos não medicados com essa classe de fármacos. Esta preocupação surgiu do facto de o SARS-CoV-2 conseguir penetrar na célula humana através da enzima conversora de angiotensina 2, uma enzima pertencente ao eixo renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, cuja expressão é afetada pela toma de fármacos inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina. A enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 encontra-se ancorada à membrana plasmática de células de variados tecidos, e a sua atividade provoca um aumento de angiotensina 1-7 (a partir de angiotensina I), que ao ligar-se ao recetor Mas desencadeia efeitos anti-inflamatórios e anti-fibróticos. Este braço (enzima, molécula e recetor) é um opositor ao braço formado pela enzima conversora de angiotensina, angiotensina II e recetor de angiotensina 1, cuja ativação provoca efeitos pró-inflamatórios e pró-fibróticos e a sua expressão se encontra mais elevada em doentes com patologias cardíacas. Os fármacos inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina impedem a conversão de angiotensina I em angiotensina II, promovendo a acumulação da primeira, e, desta forma, aumentam a expressão da enzima conversora de angiotensina 2. O aumento de expressão desta enzima irá, na teoria, aumentar a infetividade do vírus; porém, sendo que a infeção por SARS-CoV-2 causa uma reação imunológica e humoral muito forte no hospedeiro, com a libertação de citoquinas pró-inflamatórias e estando a expressão desta enzima relacionada com a proteção contra efeitos pró-inflamatórios e pró-fibróticos, observa-se outcomes de COVID-19 mais favoráveis nos doentes. O farmacêutico terá um papel preponderante, pois este é a ponte entre a informação científica atualizada e sustentada e a população geral. Como tal, recai-lhe a responsabilidade de informar corretamente todos os utentes, especialmente neste caso, os medicados com fármacos inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina.

On March 11th 2020, the WHO proclaimed the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak a pandemic. With the emergence of a new Coronavírus, there were many concerns on the scientific community in obtaining a deepened knowledge about the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the disease caused by it, COVID-19. One of the most pertinent issues brought up was the possibility of patients with chronic diseases, who are medicated with drugs that inhibit the angiotensin converting enzyme, would have worst COVID-19 outcomes when compared to individuals who don’t take drugs belonging to this class. This concern came from the fact that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is able to penetrate inside the human cell through the angiotensin converting enzyme 2, an enzyme belonging to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, whose expression is conditioned by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor drugs. The angiotensin converting enzyme 2 is found anchored to the cells’ plasmatic membrane of various tissues, and it’s activity causes an increase of angiotensin 1-7 (from the transformation of angiotensin I), that when binding to the Mas receptor will trigger anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. This arm (enzyme, molecule and receptor) opposed the arm formed by the angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensin II and the angiotensin receptor 1, whose activation unleashes pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects, and its expression is more upregulated on cardiac ill patients. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor drugs stop the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thus provoking the accumulation of the first and consequently upregulating the angiotensin converting enzyme 2. The upregulation of this enzyme will, in theory, increase the virus’ infectivity; however, due to the fact that the SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a very strong immunological and humoral reaction on the host’s body, including the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and this enzyme’s upregulation is related to the protection against pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects, one observes more favourable outcomes on COVID-19 patients. Pharmacists will have a fundamental role because they act as a bridge between up to date and sustained scientific data, and general population. As such, the responsibility to inform each patient correctly, specially the ones who take angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor drugs, falls on community pharmacists.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2021, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.

Country
Portugal
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Keywords

Ang II, Ciências da Saúde, SARS-CoV-2, Mestrado integrado - 2021, ECA2, ECA, Shedding

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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