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Ocorrência de fármacos nos moluscos bivalves: casos de estudo

Authors: Pereira, Cristina de Jesus França;

Ocorrência de fármacos nos moluscos bivalves: casos de estudo

Abstract

A ocorrência de fármacos no meio hídrico é um problema ambiental atual e pertinente. A contaminação dos ecossistemas e das espécies aquáticas, pode de forma direta ou indireta afetar a saúde humana. Os moluscos bivalves são animais marinhos fortemente afetados pela contaminação das águas, inerente ao facto de se alimentarem por filtração da água. Predominam nas zonas costeiras, estuários ou rios, os quais, são mais afetadas pelo impacte dos efluentes das Estações de Tratamento das Águas Residuais. Existem vários estudos que evidenciam a presença de diversos fármacos em mexilhões Mytilus galloprovenciallis e Mytilus edulis, amêijoas Chamelea gallina, Ruditapes philippinarum e Corbicula fluminea, e ostras Crassostrea gigas. Nos mexilhões, destacam-se o diclofenac (0,5 a 171,1 ng/g), carbamazepina (35 a 280 ng/g), etinilestradiol (3 a 196,7 ng/g), paroxetina (30 ng/g) e sertralina (6,12 ng/g). O etinilestradiol também foi detetado em amêijoas R. philippinarum na concentração de 3,42 ng/g. Em amêijoas C. fluminea, foi detetado carbamazepina (5,1 ng/g), oxazepam (6,9 a 7,4 ng/g), sertralina (56 a 140 ng/g) e fluoxetina (10 a 12 ng/g). Estes psicofármacos foram igualmente detetados em ostras, destacando a presença de sertralina (4,6 ng/g) e do seu metabolito principal, norsertralina (2,75 ng/g). O diclofenac foi encontrado em ostras na concentração de 5,7 ng/g. Nos estudos in vitro, identificaram-se os potenciais efeitos dos fármacos nos bivalves. Nos estudos com mexilhões verificou-se uma diminuição do desenvolvimento larval normal quanto expostos a anti-hipertensores, anti-inflamatórios não esteroides ou etinilestradiol. A exposição de amêijoas C. fluminea a carbamazepina causou uma diminuição na taxa de filtração do sifão. Quanto ao impacte na saúde humana, existem poucos dados relativos à exposição secundária a fármacos pelo consumo de moluscos bivalves. Atualmente, as classes farmacoterapêuticas identificadas como as de maior impacte ambiental são os antibióticos, os antineoplásicos e os estrogénios.

Pharmaceutical occurrence in the water is a current and relevant environmental issue. The contamination of ecosystems and aquatic species can, directly or indirectly, affect human health. Bivalve molluscs are marine animals strongly affected by the water contamination since they’re filter feeders. They’re prevalent in coastal areas, estuaries or rivers, which are affected by the impact caused by the Waste Water Treatment Plants effluents. There are many case studies that confirm the presence of multiple drugs in mussels Mytilus galloprovenciallis and Mytilus edulis, clams Chamelea gallina, Ruditapes philippinarum and Corbicula fluminea, and oysters Crassostrea gigas. The medicines detected in mussels, with greater emphasis, were diclofenac (0,5 to 171,1 ng/g), carbamazepine (35 to 280 ng/g), ethinylestradiol (3 to 196,7 ng/g), paroxetine (30 ng/g) and sertraline (6,12 ng/g). Ethinylestradiol was also detected in clams R. philippinarum, its concentration was 3,42 ng/g. In clams C. fluminea, it was detected carbamazepine (5,1 ng/g), oxazepam (6,9 to 7,4 ng/g), sertraline (56 to 140 ng/g) and fluoxetine (10 to 12 ng/g). These psychopharmaceuticals were equally detected in oysters, highlighting the presence of sertraline (4,6 ng/g) and its metabolite, norsertraline (2,75 ng/g). Diclofenac was found in oysters, its concentration was 5,7 ng/g. In the in vitro studies, it was possible to identify some effects on bivalves caused by pharmaceuticals. In studies run on mussels, it was noticeable a reduction of normal larvae development when exposed to antihypertensors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or ethinylestradiol. The exposure of clams C. fluminea to carbamazepine caused a reduction in siphon’s filtration rate. About the impact on human health, there is little data related to the secondary exposure to drugs via consumption of bivalve molluscs. The most prejudicial pharmacotherapeutic classes could be antibiotics, cytotoxics and estrogens.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2021, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Ciências da Saúde, Mestrado integrado - 2021, Fármacos, Amêijoas, Mexilhões, Ostras, Moluscos bivalves

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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Green