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Pectina como excipiente para administração pulmonar de fármacos

Authors: Costa, Catarina Silva da;

Pectina como excipiente para administração pulmonar de fármacos

Abstract

A pectina corresponde a uma família de polissacarídeos complexos, presentes nas paredes celulares das células vegetais de todas as plantas terrestres. Tem um papel importante na fisiologia, crescimento celular e defesa da planta. Quimicamente, é heterogénea no que diz respeito à estrutura química e peso molecular uma vez que é composta por vários tipos de péptidos, sendo os mais comuns as Homogalacturonanas, as Ramnogalacturonanas do tipo I e as Ramnogalacturonanas do tipo II. Com base na esterificação destes péptidos, a pectina pode ser dividida em Pectina com Alto Grau de Esterificação e em Pectina com Baixo Grau de Esterificação. A característica principal da pectina, e a responsável pela atratividade da mesma, é o facto de formar geles. Estes geles apresentam mecanismos de gelificação diferentes com base no grau de esterificação. As principais fontes de obtenção de pectina são as cascas de frutos cítricos e o bagaço de maçã. A pectina é principalmente utilizada na indústria alimentar como aditivo alimentar sendo também utilizada na indústria farmacêutica, maioritariamente como excipiente. A pectina apresenta alguns usos terapêuticos, nomeadamente um efeito antidiabético, anticolesterolémico, agente quelante, efeito antiviral, antimicrobiano, anticancerígeno e imunorregulador. Como excipiente é utilizada como agente emulsionante, agente gelificante e agente viscosante. As suas características como excipiente permitem-lhe ser utilizada em formulações de libertação prolongada, controlada e direcionada. As pectinas podem também ser utilizadas na produção de micropartículas e nanoparticulas, com fármacos encapsulados, destinadas ao tratamento de várias patologias. A administração de fármacos por via pulmonar apresenta vantagens que podem ser melhoradas através do uso de nanopartículas. A pectina pode ser benéfica na formulação destas nanopartículas. Até ao momento não existem estudos que suportem a utilização de pectina como excipiente para administração pulmonar. No entanto, já existem partículas contendo pectina com as características necessárias para a administração pulmonar.

Pectin corresponds to a family of complex polysaccharides present in the cell walls of plant cells of all land plants. It plays an important role in plant physiology, cell growth and defense. Chemically, it is heterogeneous regarding chemical structure and molecular weight since it is composed of several types of peptides, the most common being Homogalacturonans, type I ramnogalacturonans and type II ramnogalacturonans. Based on the esterification of these peptides, pectin can be divided into High Methoxyl Pectin and Low Methoxyl Pectin. The main characteristic of pectin, and the responsible for its attractiveness, is the fact that it forms gels. These gels have different gelling mechanisms based on the degree of esterification. The main sources for obtaining pectin are citrus peel and apple pomace. Pectin is mainly used in the food industry as a food additive and is also used in the pharmaceutical industry, mainly as an excipient. Pectin has some therapeutic uses, namely an antidiabetic, anticholesterolemic, chelating agent, antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer and immunoregulatory effect. As an excipient it is used as an emulsifying agent, gelling agent, and viscous agent. Its characteristics as an excipient allow it to be used in sustained, controlled, and targeted release formulations. Pectins can also be used in the production of microparticles and nanoparticles, with encapsulated drugs, for the treatment of various pathologies. The administration of drugs via the pulmonary route has advantages that can be improved using nanoparticles. Pectin may be beneficial in formulating these nanoparticles. So far there are no studies supporting the use of pectin as an excipient for pulmonary administration. However, there are already particles containing pectin with the necessary characteristics for pulmonary administration.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2021, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Ciências da Saúde, Administração pulmonar, Mestrado integrado - 2021, Nanopartículas, Pectina, Micropartículas

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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