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O microbioma, a doença inflamatória intestinal e a alimentação

Authors: Fernandes, Sara Alexandra Lavareda;

O microbioma, a doença inflamatória intestinal e a alimentação

Abstract

A doença inflamatória intestinal (IBD), incluindo a colite ulcerosa e a doença de Crohn, é um distúrbio inflamatório crónico e recidivante multifatorial. Embora a incidência global da doença esteja a aumentar de forma exponencial, a etiologia da doença permanece desconhecida. A hipótese mais aceite para a patogénese da IBD envolve uma complexa interação entre fatores genéticos, ambientais, o microbioma e o sistema imunológico que resulta numa exacerbação da resposta imunológica e inflamação intestinal crónica. O microbioma intestinal compreende não só os diferentes microrganismos constituintes do ecossistema intestinal, mas também os genes por eles codificados e metabolitos. O microbioma intestinal, numa situação de saúde, confere diversos benefícios ao hospedeiro relacionados com a proteção contra microrganismos patogénicos, nutrição, metabolismo e maturação do sistema imunitário, estando a sua alteração, e consequente, disbiose associada a diversas patologias, incluindo a IBD. Vários fatores como a idade, dieta, fatores ambientais, higiene e xenobióticos parecem influenciar a microbiota, conferindo uma grande variabilidade intra e interespecífica ao microbioma. As técnicas de profiling, metagenómica, proteómica e metabolómica têm possibilitado um maior conhecimento da composição e função do microbioma, permitindo estabelecer associações entre alterações no composição e função da microbiota e IBD. O conhecimento destas alterações observadas no microbioma não só revelam possíveis alvos terapêuticos, como também possibilitam o seu uso como biomarcadores no diagnóstico e prognóstico da doença e monitorização da resposta terapêutica. A modulação do microbioma emergiu como uma promissora estratégia terapêutica tanto na profilaxia, como no tratamento da IBD. Algumas opções terapêuticas, como o transplante de microbiota fecal, alterações da dieta, probióticos e prebióticos demostraram resultados promissores. Contudo, os estudos apresentados apresentam várias limitações, originando resultados com pouca significância tornando-se necessária a realização de mais estudos padronizados sobre o tema. O conhecimento sobre o microbioma humano contínua a aumentar a um ritmo acelerado. No entanto, a aplicação prática parece estar a dar apenas os primeiros passos.

Inflamamatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, is a chronic, relapsing and multifactorial inflammatory disorder of the intestine. Although the global incidence is increasing exponentially, the etiology remains unknown. The most accepted hypothesis of IBD pathogenesis envolves a complex interaction between genetic, environmental factors, the microbiome and the imunne system that results in an exacerbation of the immune response and chronic intestinal inflammation. The intestinal microbiome comprises not only the diferente microorganisms that make up the intestinal ecosystem but also its genome and metabolites. In non-pathological states, the microbiome grants serveral benefits to the host related to protection against pathogens, nutrition, metabolism, maturation and homeostasis of the immune system. Thus, its alteration, and consequently, dysbiosis , is associated with several pathologies, including IBD. Several factors such as age, diet, environmental, hygiene and xenobiotics seem to influence the microbiota, providing a high intra- and interspecific variability to the human microbiome. Profiling, metagenomics, proteomics and metabolomics techiniques allowed a greater understanding of the composition and function of the microbiome, helping in the establisment of associations between changes in the composiotion and fuction of the microbiota and IBD. The knowledge of these changes observed in the microbiome not only reveals possible therapeutic targets, but also enable their use as biomarkers in the diagnosis, disease prognostic and monitorig therapeutic response. Modulation of the microbiome has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for both prophilaxis and treatment of IBD. The microbial-based therapies, such as fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary changes, probiotics, and prebiotics, have shown promising results. However, the studies presented have several limitations as results are not consensual and, thus, have a low significance. As such, it is necessary to carry out more standardized studies on the subject. The knowledge about the human gut microbiome continues to increase promptly. However, practical application seems to be taking its first steps.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2021, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Ciências da Saúde, Colite ulcerosa, Doença de Crohn, Mestrado integrado - 2021, Doença inflamatória intestinal, Modulação do microbioma, Microbioma

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green