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Terapia celular CAR-T

Authors: Oliveira, Ana Carolina Lopes;

Terapia celular CAR-T

Abstract

A imunoterapia tem vindo a desempenhar um importante papel na área da oncologia. Existem várias estratégias que tentam aproveitar o poder do sistema imunológico para combater o cancro. Entre elas, a utilização de células CAR-T tem atraído fortes atenções. A inovadora terapia celular CAR-T obteve resultados impressionantes em casos avançados de cancro, para os quais praticamente já não restavam opções terapêuticas e cujos prognósticos eram extremamente fracos. O considerável sucesso desta terapia em tumores hematológicos suscitou um grande interesse em torno da investigação e do desenvolvimento de mais e melhores terapêuticas com células CAR-T. O principal foco é obter uma terapia mais segura e eficaz, procurando alcançar um espetro de aplicações clínicas cada vez mais alargado. Na presente monografia, são abordados inicialmente alguns fundamentos e noções de imunologia importantes à compreensão da imunoterapia em questão. É apresentado o conceito, a tecnologia e processo de produção inerentes a esta terapia avançada. Posteriormente, é abordada a sua aplicação clínica, sendo apresentados os produtos contendo células CAR-T já aprovados: Kymriah, Yescarta e Tecartus. São referidos aspetos de prescrição e de seleção do doente, assim como o protocolo de administração destes tratamentos, possíveis efeitos secundários e importantes medidas de gestão e minimização de riscos. Por fim, exploram-se os principais desafios e perspetivas futuras da terapia. Esta apresenta diversas limitações, nomeadamente relacionadas com toxicidades, resistências, logística, custos e a menor eficácia em tumores sólidos. Atualmente, estão em desenvolvimento várias abordagens e estratégias promissoras para superar tais desafios e otimizar esta terapia. Espera-se uma próxima geração de células CAR-T multifacetadas, oferecendo maior segurança e eficácia. Com o número crescente de ensaios clínicos avaliando a terapia para múltiplos alvos e doenças diferentes, é expectável um futuro no qual as células CAR-T se tornem uma opção terapêutica em muitas outras neoplasias e em patologias para além da oncologia.

Immunotherapy has been playing an important role in the field of oncology. Several strategies try to harness the power of the immune system to fight cancer. Among them, the use of CAR-T cells has attracted great attention. The innovative CAR-T cell therapy has achieved impressive results in advanced cases of cancer, for which there were practically no treatment options left and whose prognoses were extremely poor. The considerable success of this therapy in hematological tumors has raised great interest in the research and development of more and better therapies with CAR-T cells. The main focus is to obtain a safer and more effective therapy, seeking to reach a wider spectrum of clinical applications. Initially, some fundamentals and notions of immunology that are important for understanding this type of immunotherapy are addressed in the present review. The concept, technology and production process inherent to this advanced therapy are presented. Afterwards, its clinical application is addressed and the already approved treatments containing CAR-T cells – Kymriah, Yescarta and Tecartus – are presented. Aspects of prescription and patient selection are mentioned, as well as the administration protocol of these treatments, possible side effects and important risk management and minimization measures. Finally, the main challenges and future perspectives of the therapy are explored. This therapy has several limitations, namely related to toxicities, resistance, logistics, costs and lower efficacy in solid tumors. Currently, several promising approaches and strategies are being developed to overcome such challenges and optimize this therapy. A next-generation of multifaceted CAR-T cells is expected, offering greater safety and efficacy. With the growing number of clinical trials evaluating this therapy for multiple targets and different diseases, we may expect a future where CAR-T cells become a therapeutic option in many other cancers and pathologies beyond oncology.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2020, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.

Com o patrocínio da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Receptor antigénico quimérico, Ciências da Saúde, Mestrado integrado - 2020, Imunoterapia, Cancro, CAR-T

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green
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Cancer Research