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Imunoterapia e artrite reumatóide

Authors: Mendão, Iris Isabel de Rocha Oliveira e Setra;

Imunoterapia e artrite reumatóide

Abstract

A artrite reumatóide é uma doença autoimune crónica, de etiologia desconhecida, cuja principal caracterização reflete-se numa inflamação persistente nas articulações. Sem a terapêutica adequada, esta tem impacto na qualidade de vida do doente ao causar danos articulares e debilitação física progressiva. Apesar dos mecanismos envolvidos no desenvolvimento da doença não serem totalmente conhecidos, existe uma interação entre fatores genéticos e ambientais e entre os sistemas imunitários adaptativo e inato. A terapêutica convencional visa tratar os sintomas, no entanto, não tem impacto na progressão na doença. Adicionalmente, e devido principalmente aos seus efeitos adversos, houve uma necessidade de mudança na terapêutica. Deste modo, os medicamentos modificadores da doença reumática (DMARD) foram introduzidos e alteraram o paradigma terapêutico na artrite reumatóide. Estes têm como objetivo alterar a evolução da doença, evitando a inflamação crónica que se estabelece com os seus efeitos destrutivos. Devido aos avanços no conhecimento da patogénese da doença, emergiu a imunoterapia como terapêutica alternativa. Esta é composta por medicamentos biológicos que, devido à sua especificidade, visam reprimir processos biológicos e modificar a resposta imunológica durante a manifestação da doença. Contudo, as suas principais desvantagens incluem a suscetibilidade para infeções e o seu elevado custo, pelo que foram introduzidos os biossimilares para colmatar esta última limitação. Ao longo dos anos, as recomendações para a gestão da artrite reumatóide têm sido atualizadas, de forma a melhorar os resultados dos doentes, através de abordagens como como “treat to target”, gestão e tratamentos precoces. No entanto, ainda existem necessidades não satisfeitas, pelo que uma parte significativa dos doentes não responde de forma adequada à terapêutica. Pelas razões apresentadas, a artrite reumatóide continua a ser considerada uma doença incurável, pelo que persiste o desafio de desenvolver novas terapêuticas mais eficazes no tratamento desta doença.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, whose main characterization is reflected in persistent inflammation in the joints. Without adequate therapy, it impacts the patient's quality of life by causing joint damage and progressive physical debilitation. Although the mechanisms involved in the development of the disease are not fully known, there is an interaction between genetic and environmental factors and between adaptive and innate immune systems. The conventional therapy aims to treat the symptoms, however, it has no impact on the progression of the disease. Additionally, and mainly due to its adverse effects, there was a need for change in therapy. Thus, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) were introduced and altered the therapeutic paradigm in rheumatoid arthritis. These aim to alter the evolution of the disease, avoiding the chronic inflammation that is established with its destructive effects. Due to advances in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease, immunotherapy has emerged as an alternative therapy. It is composed of biological drugs that, due to their specificity, aim to repress biological processes and modify the immune response during the manifestation of the disease. However, its main disadvantages include susceptibility to infections and its high cost. Due to the latter, biosimilars have been introduced. Over the years, recommendations for managing rheumatoid arthritis have been updated to improve patient outcomes through approaches such as "treat to target", management and early treatment. However, there are still unmet needs, as a significant number of patients do not respond adequately to therapy. For these reasons, rheumatoid arthritis is still considered an incurable disease and the challenge of developing new therapies that are more effective in treating this disease remains.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2020, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.

Com o patrocínio da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Sistema imunitário, Ciências da Saúde, Doenças autoimunes, Mestrado integrado - 2020, Imunoterapia, Artrite reumatóide

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green