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Beta-hemoglobinopatias: etiologia, fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e abordagens terapêuticas

Authors: Sousa, Catarina Isabel Silva;

Beta-hemoglobinopatias: etiologia, fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e abordagens terapêuticas

Abstract

As beta-hemoglobinopatias resultam de mutações genéticas no gene da beta-globina e estão entre as doenças monogénicas mais comuns e disseminadas do mundo. Estas podem ser divididas em duas categorias, beta-hemoglobinopatias quantitativas e qualitativas. De todas as beta-hemoglobinopatias que existem, e que já foram estudadas, as que apresentam uma maior relevância clínica são a beta-talassemia e a drepanocitose. Estas doenças encontram-se, maioritariamente, nas zonas endémicas para a malária, no entanto, com as migrações das populações, atualmente estão presentes um pouco por todo o mundo. A beta-talassemia tem como causa mutações genéticas que afetam a síntese da cadeia de beta-globina, resultando na sua redução ou ausência, e levando a um excesso de cadeias de alfa-globina, não emparelhadas, que pode levar à morte prematura das células eritroides. Subdividem-se em beta-talassemia major, intermédia e minor, sendo a beta-talassemia major a mais grave. A drepanocitose é uma doença autossómica recessiva e resulta de uma única mutação no sexto codão do gene que codifica para a beta-globina, onde uma adenina é substituída por uma timina, existindo assim uma alteração no aminoácido, de ácido glutâmico para valina, levando à produção de uma hemoglobina anormal, a hemoglobina S. Pessoas que apenas receberam de um dos seus progenitores o gene com a mutação denominam-se portadores do traço falciforme. No diagnóstico destas doenças, são utilizados métodos de diagnóstico laboratoriais, como o hemograma, cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, eletroforese capilar e focagem isoelétrica, e métodos moleculares. Em alguns países, estando Portugal incluído, os rastreios são recomendados de forma a impedir que surjam novos casos de beta-hemoglobinopatias. A única terapêutica curativa para estas doenças é o transplante de células estaminais hematopoiéticas, no entanto esta não está disponível para a maioria dos doentes. Nos últimos anos foram investigados alguns fármacos, que tinham como objetivo substituir ou complementar o tratamento convencional para estas doenças. A terapia génica, recorrendo a lentivírus e a nucleases, está assim a ser investigada, de forma a poder ser utilizada nas beta-hemoglobinopatias.

Beta-haemoglobinopathies result from genetic mutations in the beta-globin gene and are one of the most common and widespread monogenic diseases in the world. Beta-haemoglobinopathies can be divided into two categories, quantitative and qualitative. Of all the beta-haemoglobinopathies that exist, and that have already been studied, the ones that have the greatest relevance are beta-thalassaemia and sickle-cell disease. These diseases are mainly found in malaria-endemic areas, however, with population migrations, they are now present all over the world. Beta-thalassaemia is caused by genetic mutations that affect the synthesis of the beta-globin chain, resulting in its reduction or absence, and leading to an excess of unpaired alpha-globin chains that can lead to the premature death of erythroid cells. It is subdivided into beta-thalassemia major, intermedia and minor, with beta-thalassemia major being the most severe. Sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive disease and results from a single mutation in the sixth codon of the gene that codes for beta-globin, where adenine is replaced by thymine, thus altering the amino acid, from glutamic acid to valine, leading to the production of abnormal haemoglobin, haemoglobin S. People who only received the gene with the mutation from one of their parents are called carriers of the sickle cell trait. In the diagnosis, laboratory diagnostic methods are used, such as complete blood count, high performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing; and molecular methods. In some countries, Portugal included, screening is recommended to prevent new cases of beta-haemoglobinopathies. The only curative therapy for these diseases is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, however, this is not available to most patients. In the last few years, some drugs have been investigated and aimed to replace or complement the conventional treatment for these diseases. Gene therapy, using lentivirus and nucleases, is being investigated so that it can be used in beta-haemoglobinopathies.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2020, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.

Patrocínio da Farmácia Almeida.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Ciências da Saúde, Hemoglobina, Mestrado integrado - 2020, Drepanocitose, Etiologia/fisiopatologia/diagnóstico/tratamento, β-talassemia, β-hemoglobinopatias

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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