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Infeções urinárias repetidas. Relação hospedeiro-patogeno

Authors: Simões, Raquel de Oliveira;

Infeções urinárias repetidas. Relação hospedeiro-patogeno

Abstract

As infeções do trato urinário são consideradas as segundas doenças infeciosas mais comuns de qualquer sistema de órgãos na população em geral, e as mais frequentes na população feminina. Estima-se que 50% das mulheres venha a desenvolver uma ITU ao longo da sua vida e que em cerca de 30% dos casos estas se tornem recorrentes. Tal refere-se à ocorrência de pelo menos três infeções no espaço de um ano, ou de pelo menos dois episódios em 6 meses. O agente etiológico mais comum é a Escherichia coli uropatogénica, isolada em 70-95% dos casos e que apresenta fatores de virulência específicos como as adesinas, os flagelos e as toxinas. Os primeiros são essenciais para que ocorra o estabelecimento inicial da infeção, permitindo que o patogeno ascenda às vias urinárias superiores e colonize o trato urinário, estando associadas à adesão e invasão do epitélio vesical. Por outro lado, as mucosas do hospedeiro apresentam um conjunto de mecanismos de defesa imune para impedir a ligação e invasão das bactérias às células epiteliais, incluindo a produção de citoquinas e a exfoliação do epitélio celular. Existem várias situações patológicas associadas com o aparecimento de infeções urinárias repetidas sendo que nas mulheres pré-menopáusicas e sexualmente ativas, os principais fatores de risco são a prática frequente de atividades sexuais 3 ou mais vezes por semana, o uso de espermicidas para contraceção e a existência de novos ou múltiplos parceiros sexuais no último ano. Assim sendo, é necessário proceder ao seu tratamento com o uso adequado de antibióticos. No entanto, devido ao crescente aumento no número de resistências, têm-se optado por outras estratégias de profilaxia e prevenção tais como a imunoterapia, produtos à base de arando vermelho, probióticos e estrogénios vaginais. Dado que as ITUs provocam um largo espetro tanto de problemas de saúde como económicos, torna-se de extrema importância avaliar novos e promissores métodos de diagnóstico, terapêuticos e preventivos, de modo a que o número de infeções e suas recorrências seja cada vez menor, melhorando a qualidade de vida individual e a própria saúde pública.

Urinary tract infections are considered to be the second most common infectious diseases of any organ system in the general population, and the most common in the female population. It is estimated that 50% of women will develop a UTI in their lifetime and about 30% of the cases will become recurrent. This refers to the occurrence of at least three infections within a year, or at least two episodes within 6 months. The most common etiological agent is Uropathogenic Escherichia coli, isolated in 70-95% of cases and presenting specific virulence factors such as adhesins, flagella and toxins. The former are essential for the initial establishment of the infection, allowing the pathogen to ascend to the upper urinary tract and colonize the urinary tract, being associated with adhesion and invasion of the bladder epithelium. On the other hand, host mucosae have a set of immune defense mechanisms to prevent the binding and invasion of bacteria to epithelial cells, including cytokine production and cell epithelium exfoliation. There are several pathological conditions associated with the onset of repeated urinary tract infections. In premenopausal and sexually active women, the main risk factors are frequent sexual activity 3 or more times a week, the use of spermicides for contraception and existence of new or multiple sexual partners in the last year. Therefore, it is necessary to treat them with the appropriate use of antibiotics. However, due to the increasing number of resistances, other prophylaxis and prevention strategies such as immunotherapy, cranberry products, probiotics and vaginal estrogen have been chosen. Given that UTIs cause a broad spectrum of both health and economic problems, it is of utmost importance to evaluate new and promising diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive methods, so that the number of infections and their recurrences be smaller and smaller, improving individual quality of life and public health itself.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2019

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Ciências da Saúde, Escherichia coli uropatogénica, Mestrado Integrado - 2019, Profilaxia, Infeções urinárias repetidas, Antibióticos, Suscetibilidade feminina

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green