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Suscetibilidade genética no cancro: cancro da mama hereditário

Authors: Ciorici, Victor;

Suscetibilidade genética no cancro: cancro da mama hereditário

Abstract

O cancro é uma das principais causas de mortalidade no mundo. É a segunda doença que mais mortes causa globalmente, sendo responsável por 9.6 milhões de óbitos em 2018. Mundialmente 1 em cada 6 mortes são devidas ao cancro. É produto de um processo complexo envolvendo a interação de fatores endógenos, assim como de fatores exógenos. O aparecimento e a formação do cancro (oncogénese) são processos que possuem uma base genética, resultante da acumulação de mutações que causam uma desregulação nos processos de diferenciação, proliferação e morte celular. Em todos os tipos de cancro, existe uma proliferação anormal de células disfuncionais (material genético danificado) que inicialmente vai dar origem à formação do tumor (iniciação). Estas células imortalizadas que ultrapassaram os mecanismos de morte celular, continuam a proliferar de uma maneira não controlada (progressão), até que passam a invadir outros tecidos, sendo característico nos últimos estadios da doença. Quando o cancro possui transmissibilidade vertical (hereditário), significa que a mutação inicial que o originou situa-se numa das células da linha germinativa estando, portanto, presente em todas as células do corpo. Na maioria dos cancros, no entanto, a mutação é esporádica pois ocorre numa célula somática, que posteriormente irá dividir-se e evoluir para o cancro. Apesar de os indivíduos que possuem um cancro hereditário representarem apenas 5% da população oncológica, a identificação da base genética subjacente à doença tem uma grande importância clínica, assim como na compreensão dos cancros numa perspetiva mais geral. Nesta monografia, vai ser abordado o cancro da mama hereditário e vão ser debatidas questões como a carcinogénese, origem genética e principais genes intervenientes. Os painéis genéticos e a sua importância na atualidade também são um tema muito relevante já que grandes avanços foram feitos na área da sequenciação. Além disso serão referenciadas medidas de rastreio de acordo com guidelines que melhor se adequam para cada mutação, pois a deteção precoce oferece sempre um melhor prognóstico. Tudo isto em prol da diminuição da mortalidade e da melhoria da qualidade de vida da população em risco.

Cancer death is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. It’s the second leading cause of death globally and is responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Globally, about 1 in 6 deaths is due to cancer. It’s the product of a process involving complex interactions between environmental and endogenous factors. The development of cancer (oncogenesis) is a genetic disease that results from the accumulation of mutations witch cause deregulation in cellular differentiation, proliferation, and/or survival. In all cancers, an abnormal and ongoing division of damaged/dysfunctional cells initially leads to the formation of a tumor (initiation), where the immortalized cells that have avoided cell death continue to proliferate in an unregulated manner (progression) and then ultimately invade other tissues at later stages in the disease (metastasis). When cancer occurs as part of a hereditary cancer syndrome, the initial cancer-causing mutation is inherited through the germline and is therefore already present in every cell of the body. Most cancers, however, are sporadic because the mutations occur in a single somatic cell, which then divides and proceeds to develop into cancer. Although individuals with a hereditary cancer syndrome account for less than 5% of all patients with cancer, identification of a genetic basis for their disease has great importance both for clinical management of these families and for understanding cancer in general. In this paper, the hereditary breast cancer will be addressed and topics such as carcinogenesis, genetic origin and key intervening genes will be discussed. The genetic panels and their importance nowadays are also a very relevant topic as great advances have been made in the sequencing technology. It will be described screening measures according to international guidelines that best suit for each mutation, as early detection always offers a better prognosis. All this for the sake of lower mortality rates and the quality of life improvement for the population at risk.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2019

Hospital Beatriz Ângelo; Farmácia Luísa Todi

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Mutações, Ciências da Saúde, Sequenciação, Mestrado Integrado - 2019, Painéis genéticos, Cancro da mama hereditário, Suscetibilidade genética.

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    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green
Related to Research communities
Cancer Research