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Síndroma do desconforto respiratório: surfactantes sintéticos na terapêutica de reposição do surfactante pulmonar

Authors: Januário, Afonso Vieira;

Síndroma do desconforto respiratório: surfactantes sintéticos na terapêutica de reposição do surfactante pulmonar

Abstract

O surfactante pulmonar é constituído principalmente por fosfolípidos e 4 proteínas do surfactante. A SP-A e a SP-D são proteínas hidrofílicas e têm como função principal a defesa do epitélio pulmonar. A SP-B e a SP-C são proteínas hidrofóbicas que possuem propriedades que permitem o surfactante ter tensões superficiais baixas. Estes baixos valores de tensão superficial na interface ar-líquido nos pulmões facilitam a troca de gases e previnem que os alvéolos colapsem. O dipalmitoilfosfatidilcolina (DPPC) é um dos fosfolípidos mais abundantes na composição do surfactante pulmonar. Este ainda possui também colesterol na sua composição que tem como finalidade modular a fluidez da membrana do surfactante. O síndrome de dificuldade respiratória (ARDS) é uma doença multifatorial que afeta o aparelho respiratório e que se encontra associada a uma elevada taxa de mortalidade. O ARDS pode ainda ser subdividido em síndrome de dificuldade respiratória neonatal (RDS) e síndrome de dificuldade respiratória em si mesmo. RDS é uma patologia que afeta recém-nascidos em particular prematuros. Neste caso os bebés não produzem surfactante pulmonar suficiente devido à imaturidade do epitélio pulmonar, em particular dos pneumócitos tipo II, células responsáveis pela produção e recaptação de surfactante. Este tipo de síndrome de dificuldade respiratória consegue ser tratado eficazmente com a utilização de surfactante pulmonar. Pelo contrário, o ARDS não responde tão bem ao tratamento com surfactante, uma vez que o edema pulmonar, que é característico deste tipo de patologia, pode inativar tanto o surfactante natural dos pulmões como um surfactante exógeno. Nesta patologia também não existe um consenso sobre que dosagem utilizar. No caso dos recém-nascidos 100mg/kg ou 200mg/kg de peso corporal parecem ser as doses ideais, mas quando estas são extrapoladas para um adulto, a quantidade de surfactante pulmonar seria demasiado elevada, encarecendo tanto o tratamento como a investigação. Outro grande avanço tecnológico consiste na distribuição de surfactante pulmonar na forma de aerossol a partir dos novos métodos de nebulização. Esta é uma via preferencial uma vez que exclui a necessidade de intubação e as complicações associadas. Apesar de ainda ser um método relativamente recente, ele poderá constituir uma importante descoberta no tratamento do ARDS.

The pulmonary surfactant is constituted by mainly phospholipids and 4 different surfactant proteins. SP-A and SP-D are the hydrophilic surfactant proteins which have a main role of defense. SP-B and SP-C are the hydrophobic surfactant protein which have properties that allow the surfactant to have reduce surface tension. This reduce surfactant tension in the main role of the pulmonary surfactant. The low surface tension in the air-liquid pulmonary interface on the alveoli facilitates gas exchanges and prevents the alveoli from collapsing. Also, one of the main phospholipids in the composition of surfactant is Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Natural surfactant also has some cholesterol which modulates the fluidity of the surfactant membrane. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a multifactorial disease which affect the pulmonary track and has a high mortality. ARDS can further be subdivided in Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) and ARDS itself. RDS is a pathology which affects newborn babies in concrete, preterm infants. In this case, babies don’t produce enough pulmonary surfactant because of the immaturity of the lung epithelia, in particular of type II pneumocytes which are the ones responsible for surfactant production and recycling. RDS can be effectively treated with exogenous surfactant. On the other hand, ARDS does not respond so well to surfactant treatment, has the pulmonary edema characteristic of the pathology can inactive natural and exogenous surfactant. Also, there isn’t a unified consensus on the dosage. In the case of newborns 100mg/kg or 200mg/kg of bodyweight seems to be the optimal doses, but when extrapolated to full grown adults that would be a huge amount of fluid to instill in the lungs. This makes the treatment more expensive to apply has well to investigate. Another great technological innovation is the delivery of surfactants through aerosol with new aerosol generating technology. This is a much preferable way as it excludes the need for intubation and complications arising from that method. Although this is a fairly new method, its potential could represent a breakthrough in the way ARDS is treated.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2019

Farmácia Linaida, Cuf Infante Santo

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Ciências da Saúde, Mestrado Integrado - 2019, Pulmonary proteins, ARDS, Pulmonary surfactant, Aerosol

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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