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Experimental models in oncology: melanoma

Authors: Roberto, Henrique Sabino Ferreira;

Experimental models in oncology: melanoma

Abstract

O melanoma é um dos cancros mais letais e a sua incidência está a aumentar a cada ano em todo o mundo. O horizonte da terapêutica com os fármacos atuais está a ficar cada vez mais estreito devido à falta de eficácia dos mesmos e a uma aumentada resistência aos mesmos por parte do melanoma, dada a sua elevada mutabilidade. Novas terapêuticas já foram desenvolvidas e muitas mais estão agora na fase de investigação e desenvolvimento (I&D) sendo que a maior parte irá falhar quer nos estudos pré-clínicos, in vitro e in vivo, ou nos ensaios clínicos devido, em grande parte, à sua falta de eficácia ou problemas de segurança. A modelação de doenças tem uma grande importância na descoberta de novos biomarcadores e novas características das doenças, na descoberta de mecanismos de fármacos, na avaliação das já mencionadas eficácia e segurança dos fármacos e também na predição de eventuais resistências aos mesmos, de forma a evitar estas últimas. Diferentes modelos in vitro e in vivo têm sido desenvolvidos com o melanoma como principal objetivo. Começando pelas tradicionais culturas aderentes 2D, passando pela manipulação animal, até aos mais recentes e avançados modelos 3D, vários modelos serão descritos ao longo deste trabalho. Os principais objetivos deste trabalho são: descrever a doença de melanoma numa perspetiva ampla e baseada nos modelos oncológicos, identificar as linhas celulares mais adequadas aos desenvolvimento de culturas aderentes 2D e modelos singénicos de melanoma derivados de células, identificar alguns dos melhores modelos in vitro para cada objetivo na investigação do melanoma, numa perspetiva in vivo, as estirpes de murganhos (murganhos imunocompetentes singenéticos e murganhos imunodeficientes) mais adequadas para modelar o melanoma, dependendo do tipo de modelo específico (p. ex. modelo de indução química, modelos baseados em xeno-enxertos derivados de células, modelos baseados em xeno-enxertos derivados de pacientes e modelos baseados em murganhos geneticamente modificados) e identificar os mais recentes modelos 3D com um especial foco nos modelos “organ-on-a-chip”. Ambos representam um grande avanço na modelação da doença e, como consequência, na investigação da doença e na investigação e desenvolvimento de fármacos.

Melanoma is one of the most lethal cancers and its incidence is rising each year worldwide. This lethality is mostly because melanoma cells are highly metastatic and partly due to the heterogeneous microenvironment surrounding these cells. On the other hand, melanoma treatment is getting narrow due to lack of efficacy and increased resistance of the drugs. Melanoma cells also have high mutability. Thus, new therapies have already been developed. Some of them are still in research and development phase (R&D) and some might fail whether in preclinical studies, in vitro and in vivo, or even in clinical trials. The common failures are due to many pitfalls during drug research and development phase. Especially, disease models in which both drug efficacy and toxicity are tested have a critical role in research success. Disease modeling is considered of paramount importance on assessing new disease biomarkers and hallmarks, drug mechanisms, the over mentioned drug efficacy and safety, and to predict and avoid eventual drug resistance. Furthermore, along with other cancers, melanoma is a highly heterogeneous disease and taking into account such complexity more and reliable models are needed. Therefore, distinct in vitro and in vivo models have been developed with melanoma disease as a specific goal. Starting from the traditional 2D adherent cultures, passing by animal experimentation, to the more recent and advanced 3D models, various models will be described in this work. So, the main goals of this master thesis are to describe melanoma disease in a wide and oncology model-based perspective and to identify the most suitable cell lines to develop 2D cell-adherent culture and cell-derived xenograft melanoma model. Another aim is to identify some of the best in vitro models to each goal in melanoma research, in an in vivo perspective and the most suitable mouse strains (syngeneic immunocompetent mice and immunodeficient mice). Finally, this master thesis will also focus on the identification of the more recent 3D models, with a special focus in organ-on-a-chip. Altogether represent significant breakthroughs in disease modeling and, as a consequence, in disease research and drug research and development.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2019

Hospital Cuf Infante Santo, Farmácia Rosa

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Ciências da Saúde, Mestrado Integrado - 2019, Modelos in vitro, Modelos de melanoma, Modelos in vivo, Melanoma, Modelos de doença

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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Cancer Research