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Viagem ao mundo da leptina : da regulação da homeostase energética à resistência à leptina

Authors: Couto, Joaquim José Oliveira de Sá;

Viagem ao mundo da leptina : da regulação da homeostase energética à resistência à leptina

Abstract

A leptina é uma hormona conhecida por ser a “hormona da saciedade”. No entanto, ela é mais do que isso: é não só responsável pela regulação da homeostase energética, nomeadamente através da diminuição da ingestão calórica, mas também por estimular o gasto energético. Esta hormona é, por isso, de extrema importância no contexto da obesidade. A obesidade foi muitas vezes apelidada como a pandemia do século XXI, sendo, por isso, um tema que não deve ser colocado em segundo plano, quando se discutem a fundo os maiores problemas de saúde a nível mundial. Dito isto, esse estado de excesso de massa gorda corporal deveria ser, potencialmente, revertido pela acção da leptina. No entanto, aquilo que se verifica, na esmagadora maioria dos casos, é que os indivíduos obesos, ao longo do tempo, não tendem a apresentar uma evolução favorável no que toca à sua composição corporal; agravando ainda o seu risco cardiovascular e outras possíveis comorbilidades, dadas as disfunções metabólicas inerentes à própria obesidade. Assim, a que se deverá a pobre ou ineficiente actuação da leptina nestes indivíduos obesos? Foi na tentativa de responder a esta interrogação que surgiu o conceito de resistência à leptina. Está, portanto, lançado, na comunidade científica, o desafio pela busca da causa desta resistência, o que, em última instância, visa a descoberta de uma terapêutica farmacológica para a obesidade. A par destas funções exercidas no metabolismo energético, a leptina desempenha uma miríade de outros papéis noutros sistemas metabólicos, que são de extremo interesse para compreender melhor os mecanismos de outras patologias. Desta forma, esta revisão aborda os principais aspectos da leptina, designadamente a sua ação, a sua função, o desenvolvimento da resistência à leptina com possíveis alvos farmacológicos associados, bem como a interacção da leptina com outros eixos endócrinos e algumas patologias.

Leptin is a hormone called “the satiety hormone”. However, it is more than that: it is not only responsible for regulating energy homeostasis, namely through reducing caloric intake, but for stimulating energy expenditure, as well. Considering obesity, this hormone is extremely important in such context. Obesity is often referred to as the 21st century pandemic, and for that reason it should not be taken lightly when approaching the state of the world’s population’s health. That being said, the state of excess body fat should potentially be reverted by leptin’s action. However, in the long run that ends up not being the case for most people. Instead, their body composition does not see any improvement, which results in a higher cardiovascular risk and in worsening other possible comorbidities, due to all metabolic disfunctions present in obese people. Then, why does leptin have a poor or inefficient action in these individuals? The attempt to answer this question gave rise to the concept of leptin resistance. The cientific community is now investigting a causal explanation for such resistance, which could eventually result in a novel pharmocological therapy for obesity. On the other hand, leptin plays a role in many other metabolic systems. These roles might help us better understand the mechanisms behind pathologies involving those systems where leptin is present. So, this revision encompasses the main aspects concerning leptin, namely its action, its function, the development of leptin resistence and possible pharmacological targets for treating it and the interaction between leptin and other endocrine axes and other pathologies.

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2019

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas, Leptina, Obesidade, Resistência à leptina, Endocrinologia, Homeostase energética, Interacção com outros eixos endócrinos

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green