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VIH e tuberculose

Authors: Gaspar, Catarina Maria Gomes Forte Portugal;

VIH e tuberculose

Abstract

A infeção por VIH e a tuberculose são as principais causas de morte de origem infeciosa a nível mundial, sendo que a TB consiste na principal causa de morte em doentes infetados por VIH. Sabe-se que estas patologias se potenciam simultaneamente: a infeção por VIH altera o curso da resposta inflamatória contra M.tuberculosis e, ao conferir um estado de imunossupressão, aumenta as probabilidades de um doente com tuberculose latente desenvolver tuberculose ativa. Também se sabe que a infeção por M. tuberculosis potencia o aumento da replicação do VIH, o que ocorre uma depleção mais rápida dos valores de T CD4+ criando um maior grau de imunossupressão. Esta coinfecção apresenta diversas particularidades que a torna desafiante a diversos níveis. A nível das manifestações clínicas estes doentes normalmente apresentam um quadro clínico de tuberculose mais atípico com manifestações extrapulmonares e envolvimento ganglionar, consequentemente diagnóstico fica mais difícil, passando pelo diagnóstico correto de cada uma das patologias em separado e pela deteção precoce de casos de tuberculose latente em doentes VIH positivos. Quanto ao esquema terapêutico este também apresenta algumas particularidades sendo que o que se encontra preconizado nestes doentes é a associação de Efavirenz, e o esquema habitual para o tratamento da TB. Ao longo do tratamento destes doentes podem ocorrer alguns efeitos adversos, a destacar a ocorrência de SIRI, que consiste numa resposta inflamatória, desencadeada pela melhoria da imunossupressão do doente, que acaba por agravar os sintomas da TB. A prevenção desta epidemia é essencial e passa pela deteção precoce de TB latente em doentes VIH positivos. A vacina utilizada a nível mundial para a prevenção da TB, a BCG, é uma vacina viva, pelo que não pode ser administrada em doentes VIH positivos. Deste modo, encontram-se sob investigação atual 15 novas vacinas que possam vir a substituir ou a melhorar esta vacina.

HIV infection and tuberculosis are the leading infectious causes of death worldwide, and TB is the main cause of death among HIV-positive patients. These pathologies enhance themselves: HIV infection changes the course of M. tuberculosis infection and increases the immunosuppression state, by increasing the likelihood of a patient with latent tuberculosis to develop active tuberculosis. In addition, M.tuberculosis infection leads to increase of HIV replication, leading to a CD4+ depletion and therefore leading to a higher degree of immunosuppression. This co-infection has some characteristics that make it more challenging at many levels. Regarding the clinical manifestations these patients have more extrapulmonary and ganglionar manisfestations, making it difficult to diagnose, therefore it is important to correctly diagnose each disease separately and to diagnose latent tuberculosis in HIV positive patients. As for the therapeutic regimen, it also presents some peculiarities and it is recommended the combination of Efavirenz and the usual regimen for the treatment of TB. Throughout the treatment of these patients some adverse effects can occur, like IRIS, which is an inflammatory response, triggered by the improvement of immunosuppression of the patient, which worsens the symptoms of TB In order to prevent this co-infection, early detection of TB in HIV-positive patients is important. The vaccine used globally for TB prevention, BCG, is a live vaccine and therefore cannot be given to HIV-positive patients. Thus, 15 new vaccines that could replace or improve this vaccine are under current research.

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2019

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Vacina BCG, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas, Síndrome inflamatória de reconstituição imune, VIH, Tuberculose, Pneumologia

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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Green