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Toxicidade pulmonar em cigarros electrónicos

Authors: Samji, Vikesch Rameschandre;

Toxicidade pulmonar em cigarros electrónicos

Abstract

O consumo de dispositivos electrónicos de dispensa de nicotina, conhecidos por cigarros electrónicos – e-cig - aumentou rapidamente a nível global, principalmente numa faixa etária mais jovem. Actualmente é visto como uma alternativa mais saudável aos cigarros tradicionais de tabaco. No entanto, o seu consumo mantém-se controverso, devido à limitada evidência científica dos efeitos tóxicos a curto e a longo prazo. Este trabalho pretende fornecer uma revisão actualizada acerca do perfil toxicológico destes dispositivos no sistema respiratório, sintetizando a literatura existente a partir de cultura de células, modelos animais e humanos. Em suma, a toxicidade do e-cig provém dos constituintes do dispositivo, sendo uma fonte de metais tóxicos; e do e-líquido, com quantidades variáveis de nicotina e aromatizantes. Embora o consumo do e-cig a curto prazo não apresente alterações significativas na função pulmonar, os efeitos deletérios a longo prazo, no sistema respiratório estão associados a um estado pró-inflamatório induzido, destacando-se os diagnósticos de novo de asma e bronquite crónica, e no sistema imunitário das vias aéreas, estão associados a uma resposta menos eficaz às infecções. Destaca-se ainda que, a exposição crónica ao e-cig induz a um estado de proliferação celular descontrolada, pela sobreexpressão dos AChR α7 nas vias aéreas, que poderá ter como consequência a neoplasia do pulmão. Por último, faz-se referência ao aparecimento de um aparelho mais recente que o e- cig, nomeadamente, o IQOS – “I-Quit-Ordinary-Smoking”. Este aparelho consiste no aquecimento do tabaco, e segundo alguns estudos, assim como o e-cig, também produz substâncias carcinogénicas e de nicotina, prejudiciais à saúde.

The consumption of electronic nicotine delivery systems, known as electronic cigarettes, has rapidly increased globally, especially in a younger group. Perceived and marketed as a healthier alternative to traditional tobacco cigarettes, it use remains controversial because of the limited scientific evidence of short and long-term effects. This work provides an updated review about the toxicological profile of these devices in the respiratory system, synthesizing the existing literature from cell culture, animal models and humans. In summary, the toxicity of the e-cig comes from the components of the device, as a source of toxic metals; and e-liquid, with varying amounts of nicotine and flavorings. Although the consumption of e-cig did not show significant changes in short-term pulmonary function, deleterious long-term effects on the respiratory system are associated with an induced pro-inflammatory state, related to asthma and chronic bronchitis; and to a less effective response to infections on the immune system of the airways. Finally, chronic exposure to e-cig induces a state of uncontrolled cell proliferation, due to the overexpression of AChR α7 in the airways, which may result in lung cancer. A last reference is given to IQOS - "I-Quit-Ordinary-Smoking" - an even more recent system then e-cig, based on heating the cigarette. Studies shows the presence of carcinogenic substances and nicotine in these systems.

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2018

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

IQOS, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas, Efeitos adversos, Toxicidade pulmonar, Cigarro electrónico, Pneumologia

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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Cancer Research