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O regime da complementaridade no Tribunal Penal Internacional

Authors: Farias, Igor Vieira Rios Amorim;

O regime da complementaridade no Tribunal Penal Internacional

Abstract

O autor faz uma análise geral do regime de complementaridade nos termos do Estatuto de Roma e da jurisprudência do Tribunal Penal Internacional. Para tanto, é estabelecido o ponto de partida do advento do princípio da complementaridade, nomeadamente, a refuta ao princípio utilizado na relação entre jurisdições internacional e nacional pelos tribunais criados após a Segunda Guerra Mundial e os tribunais ad hoc do Conselho de Segurança da ONU. Após o exame da efetiva construção do princípio da complementaridade no processo de estabelecimento do TPI, faz-se uma análise do resultado das negociações - as bases jurídicas desse princípio no Estatuto de Roma. Em primeiro lugar, enfrenta-se o artigo 17 do Estatuto, que traz as normas materiais da complementaridade e tem como ponto focal a boa fé das atividades estatais, abrangendo as hipóteses de falta de vontade de agir (que por sua vez engloba a subtração do indivíduo de sua responsabilidade penal, atraso injustificado e a falta de independência e imparcialidade) e a inabilidade estatal, além do princípio do ne bis in idem, que tem íntima relação com a complementaridade e está previsto no artigo 20 do Estatuto. Percebe-se, então, que certas subjetividades criticadas no advento do texto permaneceram, restando ao Tribunal definir conceitos através do controle de complementaridade. Esse controle é realizado tanto pela Promotoria do Tribunal, preliminarmente, com base nos artigo 15 e 18 - ênfase na necessidade de autorização da Corte para início de investigações em atuação proprio motu, quanto pelos Juízos do Tribunal, no âmbito do artigo 19, de ofício ou litigiosamente, através de impugnações de admissibilidade, que compreendem o controle de complementaridade. Por causa da subjetividade e falta de depuração de conceitos, em especial no que tange à inatividade estatal, inserida na primeira etapa do “macro-teste” de admissibilidade, as Câmaras do Tribunal criaram construções jurisprudenciais, com base no Estatuto, em que, para que um caso seja inadmissível perante à Corte, é necessário que ele compreenda a mesma pessoa e (substancialmente) a mesma conduta do caso internacional, assim como é necessário que o procedimento nacional seja um espelho do internacional. Entretanto, o teste da “mesma pessoa/mesma conduta” e a metodologia do espelhamento, que encontram críticas mesmo dentro do Tribunal, parecem se distanciar do caráter complementar do Estatuto, em sendo que criam um limiar demasiado alto para a inadmissibilidade de um caso.

The author proceeds in an overall analysis of the complementarity regime presented by the Rome Statute and the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court. In that regard, the starting point of the advent of the principle of complementarity is established, namely, the rejection to the principle applied in the relation between international and national jurisdictions by the tribunals created after the Second World War and the ad hoc tribunals, created through the UN Security Council. After examining the effective construction of the complementarity principle in the establishment process of the ICC, it is analyzed the results of negotiations – the legal basis of this principle in the Rome Statute. Firstly, the article 17 of the Statute is faced, as it brings the substantial norms of complementarity, and is focused on the good faith of State’s activities, encompassing the hypotheses of unwillingness (that in its turn covers shielding, unjustified delay and lack of independence and impartiality) and the inability of the State, besides the principle of ne bis in idem, which has deep relation to complementarity, and is laid in article 20 of the Statute. It can be seen that certain subjectivities criticized on the advent of the text remained, resting on the Tribunal the task to define concepts through complementarity assessment. This assessment is performed either by the Prosecutor of the ICC, preliminarily, based on articles 15 and 18 – emphasis on the necessity of the Court’s authorization to initiate investigations regarding proprio motu powers, as well as by the Chambers of the Court, based on article 19, ex officio or litigiously, through admissibility challenges, that comprehend complementarity assessment. Due to the subjectivity and lack of depuration of concepts, in special reference to State’s inactivity, inserted in the first limb of the “macro-test” of admissibility, the Chambers of the Court created case-law constructions, based on the Statute, in which for a case to be inadmissible to the Court, it is necessary that it comprehends the same person and (substantially) the same conduct of the international case, in addiction that the national procedure mirrors the international one. However, the “same person/same conduct” test and the mirror methodology, which are criticized even within the Court, seem to distance themselves from the complementarity character of the Statute, as they create a too high threshold for a case to be inadmissible.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Teses de mestrado - 2018, Direito internacional, Direito penal internacional, Estatuto de Roma, Direito

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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