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Gerir a imunogenicidade em anticorpos terapêuticos

Authors: Sebastião, Ana Catarina da Silva Ferreira;

Gerir a imunogenicidade em anticorpos terapêuticos

Abstract

Os anticorpos monoclonais são uma terapêutica altamente específica, possuem diminutos efeitos adversos e são o foco da pesquisa para tratamento das doenças de carácter moderado a grave, como as doenças inflamatórias crónicas, destacando a artrite reumatóide, as doenças inflamatórias do intestino e a psoríase. Para o tratamento destas doenças é de destacar o uso de construções de anticorpos que visam o TNF, nomeadamente o Infliximab e o Adalimumab. Estes fármacos podem reduzir drasticamente a actividade da doença e em alguns doentes induzem a sua remissão total. Porém nem todos os doentes possuem resposta ao tratamento e se possuírem, pode não ser favorável. Os doentes podem apresentar uma falha na resposta à terapêutica, as razões para essa falha de resposta são parcialmente conhecidas, sabe-se que uma das razões é o surgimento de imunogenicidade. A imunogenicidade existe em medicamentos originais e biossimilares podendo surgir com impactos diferentes. Esta é influenciada por vários factores, de destacar os factores relacionados com o produto e com o doente. Uma das facetas da imunogenicidade é a capacidade que os doentes desenvolvam anticorpos anti-fármaco (ADAs), que podem ser anticorpos neutralizantes ou não neutralizantes, sendo que ambos contribuem para a falha do tratamento. A necessidade de monitorizar os doentes para níveis circulantes de fármacos anti-TNF funcionais e de ADAs é extremamente necessário para o sucesso do tratamento. O uso de imunossupressores concomitantemente com os mAb, o uso de doses ideais entre outros podem ajudar na optimização da terapêutica do doente. Deve-se manter a adaptação individual da terapêutica ao doente, de modo a atingir padrões de efectividade e tendo em conta o custo-benefício a longo prazo. Num futuro próximo, o desafio para quem está a desenvolver novos fármacos biológicos é tentar minimizar os efeitos da imunogenicidade e o seu impacto no doente.

Monoclonal antibodies are a highly specific therapy, have minor adverse effects and are the focus of research for the treatment of moderate to severe diseases, such as chronic inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases and psoriasis. For the treatment of these diseases, the use of antibody constructs targeting TNF should be highlighted, namely Infliximab and Adalimumab. These drugs can drastically reduce disease activity and in some patients induce their complete remission. However, not all patients have a response to treatment and if they do, it may not be favorable. Patients may show a failure in response to therapy, the reasons for this failure to respond are partially known, one of the reasons known to be the emergence of immunogenicity. Immunogenicity exists in original and biossimilars drugs and may arise with different impacts. Immunogenicity is influenced by several factors, the more relevant being related to the product and the patient. One of the facets of immunogenicity consists of the ability of patients to develop anti-drug antibodies (ADAs): they may be neutralizing or non-neutralizing antibodies, both of which contribute to failure of treatment. The need to monitor patients for circulating levels of functional anti-TNF drugs and ADAs is extremely necessary for successful treatment. The use of immunosuppressors concomitantly with mAbs, the use of optimal doses among others, may aid in the optimization of patient therapy. Individual treatment adaptation to the patient should be maintained in order to achieve standards of effectiveness and taking into account long-term cost-benefit. The challenge for anyone developing new biological drugs is to try to minimize the effects of immunogenicity and its impact on the patient in the near future.

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2017

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Anticorpo terapêutico, Mestrado Integrado - 2017, Ciências da Saúde, Imunogenicidade, Adalimumab, Infliximab

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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Green