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Tuberculose pulmonar resistente : novos conceitos

Authors: Pereira, Juan José Rachadell;

Tuberculose pulmonar resistente : novos conceitos

Abstract

Embora a tuberculose não seja uma doença recente, com descrições em várias sociedades antepassadas, o seu impacto na sociedade continua a ser elevado, tendo contribuído para mais de 1,5 milhões de mortes apenas em 2014. A descoberta de terapêutica dirigida às micobactérias é relativamente recente, remontando ao século passado e, desde então, foram desenvolvidos poucos fármacos novos para combater esta epidemia. A par com o seu surgimento, são comuns relatos de resistência, especialmente com os regimes de monoterapia. A multirresistência já não é nova e, desde a década de 90, que a Organização Mundial de Saúde iniciou a criação de diretivas, estratégias e comités com o objetivo de reduzir a prevalência e mortalidade da tuberculose e aumentar o acesso à terapêutica, bem como o controlo adequado da sua toma para evitar a criação de novas resistências. A meta ambiciosa para 2050 é a eliminação da doença como problema de saúde pública. A existência de definições universais, como das tuberculoses multirresistentes e extensivamente resistentes, permite coerência na comparação dos dados recolhidos pelos vários programas nacionais de tuberculose, bem como utilidade operacional no diagnóstico e na terapêutica da doença, contribuindo para alterar ativamente o prognóstico dos doentes. Com o recente aparecimento dos conceitos de tuberculose extremamente resistente e tuberculose totalmente resistente, torna-se necessário que estes sejam revistos e avaliados e a sua utilidade seja validada. A manutenção de uma taxa de incidência elevada e do número de mortes causadas em alguns países, e em especial a associação com a síndrome de imunodeficiência humana adquirida, faz com que a tuberculose permaneça um desafio médico global, bem como um peso significativo a nível financeiro e social, com o qual continuamos a ter que lidar diariamente.

Having been described by ancient civilizations, tuberculosis is not a recent disease, nevertheless it still has a significant impact on our society today, having claimed 1,5 million lives only in 2014. Mycobacterial directed therapy is relatively recent and, after its discovery in the last century, very few new drugs have been developed to fight this epidemic. Drug resistance cases have been reported ever since the first treatment regimens where developed and has since been associated with monotherapy. Multiresistance is also not a new concept, having been reported since the 90s and leading the World Health Organization to the development of policies, strategies and committees to reduce the prevalence and mortality rate of tuberculosis, as well as expand the access to drugs and control their administration to prevent further creation of resistance. The ambitious goal for 2050 is to eliminate the disease as a public health problem. The existence of universally accepted definitions, like those of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, enables national tuberculosis programs to coherently compare data and effectively operationalize the diagnostic and treatment strategies for this disease, ultimately improving patient care. With the recent appearance of new concepts like extremely resistant and totally resistant tuberculosis it is necessary to revise and evaluate them to validate their utility. The ongoing high incidence and mortality rate of tuberculosis in some settings, especially when associated to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, make it a disease with a significant social and economic impact and a global medical challenge which we must still strive to overcome today.

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2017

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Tuberculose extensivamente resistente, Multirresistência, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas, Síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida, Pneumologia

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green