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image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Universidade de Lisb...arrow_drop_down
image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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Anticorpos bloqueadores dos checkpoints imunes

Authors: Gonçalves, Rui Miguel Barbeiro;

Anticorpos bloqueadores dos checkpoints imunes

Abstract

A terapêutica do cancro está a evoluir de estratégias relativamente inespecíficas como a cirurgia, radioterapia e quimioterapia, para abordagens mais direccionadas. O conhecimento de que o sistema imune desempenha um papel duplo na progressão tumoral levou ao desenvolvimento de estratégias imunoterapêuticas dirigidas, baseadas no princípio de que as neoplasias podem ser reconhecidas pelo sistema imune, e este tem a capacidade de regular e mesmo eliminar os tumores. É hoje claro que os tumores usurpam determinados mecanismos imunossupressores fisiológicos, utilizando-os como forma de escape e resistência à destruição pelo sistema imune. Entre esses mecanismos, os checkpoints imunes desempenham um papel de relevo e têm sido investigados como alvos terapêuticos, através da utilização de anticorpos monoclonais bloqueadores. Anticorpos desenvolvidos contra Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) e Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) deram já provas de benefícios importantes no tratamento de diversos cancros, e o pioneiro Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) encontra-se já aprovado para o tratamento do melanoma avançado. Outros checkpoints imunes encontram-se em investigação, assim como receptores co-estimulatórios. Estratégias que combinam diversos agentes imunomoduladores bem como a combinação destes com outras modalidades terapêuticas poderão vir a ser as mais efetivas na obtenção de respostas clínicas. Infelizmente, nem todos os pacientes respondem ao bloqueio dos checkpoints imunes, e a seleção de pacientes e o desenvolvimento de biomarcadores são áreas de intensa investigação. Esta revisão destaca os avanços alcançados na manipulação dos checkpoints imunes, especialmente CTLA-4 e PD-1, enquadrados no contexto da imunoterapia do cancro, incluindo uma breve discussão sobre a aplicação e os desafios a ultrapassar por estes agentes para terem maior implementação na prática clínica num futuro breve.

Cancer therapy is evolving from relatively non-specific strategies, such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, to more targeted approaches. The understanding that the immune system plays a dual role in tumor progression has led to the development of targeted immunotherapies, based on the principle that tumors can be recognized by the immune system, and the latter has the ability to regulate and even eliminate tumors. Is now clear that tumors co-opt certain physiologic immunosuppressor mechanisms, using them as means of escape and resistance to immune-mediated destruction. Among these mechanisms, immune checkpoints are of special importance, and have been investigated as therapeutic targets, through the use of blocking monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies targeting Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) have already shown important benefits in the treatment of several cancers, and the first-in-class Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) has already been approved for advanced melanoma treatment. Other immune checkpoints are already under investigation, as well as are co-stimulatory receptors. Strategies combining several immunomodulatory agents, as for combining these with other types of therapies, might become the most effective in obtaining clinical responses. Unfortunately, not all the patients respond to immune checkpoint blockade, and patient selection and biomarker development are fields of great investigation. This review highlights the advances achieved in immune checkpoint targeting, notably CTLA-4 and PD-1, in the set of cancer immunotherapy, including a brief discussion of the application and challenges to be overcome for the wider implementation of these agents in clinical practice in a near future.

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Terapêutica, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas, Imunologia, Neoplasias

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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