A taxonomic revision of the genus Capparis L. has been carried out in Vietnam. Based on the examination of 552 herbarium specimens and on field surveys, 38 species, 11 subspecies and 3 varieties, all belonging to Capparis sect. Monostichocalyx Radlk., are recognized in the study area. Among these, a new subspecies, C. acutifolia subsp. macrophylla Fici & Sy subsp. nov., is described from northern and central Vietnam (Quang Binh, Ninh Binh and Quang Ninh provinces), while C. sikkimensis subsp. sikkimensis Kurz is reported from Vietnam for the first time, based on material from Hoa Binh Province. Vietnam, with 11 endemic species occurring mainly in the central provinces, is confirmed as one of the hotspots of the genus. A key to the species is provided, along with descriptions, synonyms, distribution ranges, and ecological and phenological data. Furthermore, the provisional conservation status of the treated taxa is assessed. When available, vernacular names and their uses are also reported, based on bibliographic sources and herbarium labels.