1 Introduction ..... 1 1.1 Structure of the Working Report ..... 1 1.2 Research Methodology ..... 1 1.3 Common Concepts ..... 4 1.3.1 Network ..... 4 1.3.2 Uncertainty ..... 7 1.3.3 Evolution ..... 11 2 A Business Process Perspective on Uncertainty in Facility Management Networks ..... 15 2.1 Motivation for a Process View on Uncertainty in Business Networks ..... 15 2.2 Uncertainty affecting Business Networks ..... 16 2.2.1 Business Networks under the Influence of Uncertainty ..... 17 2.2.2 Collaboration in Business Networks ..... 22 2.2.3 Information Processing View on Inter-Organisational Relationships ..... 25 2.3 Analysis of Processes in the Business Network of a Construction Project ..... 29 2.3.1 Uncertainty of the Participants ..... 30 2.3.2 Collaborative Processes to overcome Uncertainty ..... 36 2.4 Conclusion and Outlook ..... 46 3 Business Process Governance for Managing Uncertainty in Administration Networks ..... 48 3.1 Introduction ..... 48 3.2 Overview of Relevant Concepts ..... 50 3.2.1 Distinct Paths in the Administration Network Research ..... 50 3.2.2 Governance in Administration Networks ..... 51 3.2.3 Business Process Governance ..... 52 3.2.4 Collaborative Business Process Management ..... 54 3.2.5 Sources of Uncertainty ..... 55 3.3 Results ..... 56 3.3.1 Forms of Governance in Administration Networks ..... 56 3.3.2 Finding Responses to Uncertainty ..... 58 3.3.3 Process Transformation and BPM in Public Administrations ..... 59 3.3.4 Identifying BPM Administration Network Actors ..... 61 3.3.5 Business Process Governance Mechanisms ..... 62 3.4 Understanding Relations, Limitations & Research Suggestions ..... 64 4 Communication and Trust in Networks of Practice ..... 67 4.1 The Role of Communication and Trust in Networks of Practice ..... 67 4.2 The Concept of Networks of Practice ..... 68 4.2.1 Defining Characteristics ..... 68 4.2.2 Joining a Network of Practice ..... 69 4.2.3 Uncertainty within the Network ..... 71 4.3 Social Capital in a Network of Practice ..... 75 4.3.1 Communication and Interaction Processes ..... 75 4.3.2 Organization ..... 76 4.3.3 The Role of Trust ..... 76 4.3.4 The Creation of Social Capital in the Network of Practice ..... 84 4.4 Collective Action in Networks of Practice ..... 87 4.5 Concluding Remarks ..... 89 5 Cloud Computing – Governing Uncertainty in Distributed Electronic Business Networks ..... 91 5.1 Uncertainty, Governance & the Cloud – Demystifying the Mysteries ..... 91 5.2 Theory Background ..... 93 5.2.1 Governance ..... 93 5.2.2 Outsourcing ..... 93 5.2.3 Clouds as Distributed Electronic Business Networks ..... 95 5.2.4 Cloud Computing ..... 95 5.3 Literature Search Results ..... 98 5.3.1 Governing Uncertainty ..... 98 5.3.2 Outsourcing Governance ..... 99 5.3.3 Differences between Outsourcing and Cloud Computing ..... 102 5.4 Discussion – Governing (with) the Cloud ..... 104 5.4.1 Uncertainty within the Cloud and its Environment ..... 104 5.4.2 Governing Uncertainty with the Cloud ..... 105 5.4.3 Governing Cloud Uncertainty ..... 108 5.5 Conclusions, Limitations & Further Research Propositions ..... 111 6 The Evolution of Digital Business Processes in e-Government ..... 115 6.1 Motivation and Objectives ..... 115 6.2 Theoretical Foundation ..... 116 6.2.1 Business Processes and BPM ..... 116 6.2.2 Evolution of Public Administrations ..... 118 6.2.3 E-Government ..... 121 6.3 Evolution of Digital Business Processes in e-Government ..... 122 6.3.1 Evolution of e-Government ..... 122 6.3.2 Impact of e-Government Evolution on Digital Business Processes ..... 126 6.3.3 Case Study: ITAIDE – Paper Living Lab ..... 130 6.4 Conclusion ..... 133 7 Evolution of Communication and Trust in Social Networks ..... 135 7.1 Introduction and Objectives ..... 135 7.2 Theory Background ..... 136 7.2.1 Social Network Sites (SNS) ..... 136 7.2.2 Trust ..... 139 7.2.3 Communication ..... 141 7.3 Existing Studies in Literature ..... 143 7.4 Discussion of previous Study Results ..... 147 7.5 Conclusions ..... 151 8 An Evolution Perspective on Service Oriented Architectures in Business Networks ..... 153 8.1 Motivation and Objectives ..... 153 8.2 Theoretical Foundations ..... 156 8.2.1 Evolution Theory in Organizations and Enterprise Architectures ..... 156 8.2.2 Enterprise Architectures and Service Oriented Architectures ..... 158 8.2.3 Public Administration Networks ..... 159 8.3 An Interoperability Architecture Framework for Service Delivery in Public Administration Networks ..... 159 8.4 An Evolutionary Approach for the Interoperability Architecture Framework towards a well implemented Service Orientation ..... 162 8.4.1 Business Drivers ..... 163 8.4.2 IT Drivers ..... 167 8.5 Stages of Evolution ..... 170 8.5.1 Stage 1: No Integration ..... 171 8.5.2 Stage 2: One to One Integration ..... 171 8.5.3 Stage 3: Centralized Integration ..... 172 8.5.4 Stage 4: Orchestrated Integration (SOA) ..... 173 8.5.5 Potential Future Scenarios ..... 175 8.6 Case Study: European Interoperability Framework (EIF) ..... 176 8.7 Conclusions and Outlook ..... 178 9 References ..... 179 Appendix ..... 201 Data Base ..... 201 SOA .....211 SOA Design Principles ..... 211 Framework of e-Government Architecture ..... 213 European Interoperability Framework: Interoperability Levels ..... 214 European Interoperability Framework: Underlying Principles ..... 214 European Interoperability Framework: Conceptual Model ..... 215

Modern society is a network society permeated by information technology (IT). As a result of innovations in IT, enormous amounts of information can be communicated to a larger number of recipients faster than ever before. The evolution of networks is heavily influenced by the extensive use of IT, which has enabled co-evolving advanced quantitative and qualitative forms of networking. Although several networks have been formed with the aim to reduce or deal with uncertainty through faster and broader access to information, it is in fact IT that has created new kinds of uncertainty. For instance, although digital information integration in supply chains has made production planning more robust, it has at the same time intensified mutual dependencies, thereby actually increasing the level of uncertainty. The aim of this working paper is to investigate the aspects of evolving networks and uncertainty in networks at the cutting edges of different types of networks and from the perspective of different layers defining these networks.