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Research . 2023
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Transferencias Monetarias, Pobreza y Desigualdad en América Latina y el Caribe

Authors: Stampini, Marco; Medellín, Nadin; Ibarrarán, Pablo;

Transferencias Monetarias, Pobreza y Desigualdad en América Latina y el Caribe

Abstract

Evaluamos los sistemas de transferencias monetarias no contributivas en 17 países de América Latina y el Caribe para identificar factores que les impiden reducir la pobreza y la desigualdad. Para realizar esta evaluación, analizamos tres dimensiones de tamaño (número de beneficiarios, tamaño de la transferencia por beneficiario y tamaño del presupuesto total) y tres dimensiones de focalización (cobertura, filtración y calidad de la focalización demográfica). Identificamos 67 programas, que se dividen en tres categorías amplias: transferencias monetarias condicionadas, pensiones no contributivas y otras transferencias. Utilizamos una línea de pobreza internacional de 6,85 dólares PPA por día (similar a la línea de pobreza nacional promedio de los países de ingresos medianos altos) y ajustamos las ponderaciones de las encuestas para corregir el hecho de que los datos de las encuestas de hogares a menudo subestiman el número oficial de beneficiarios de transferencias en comparación a fuentes administrativas. Mostramos que dos factores clave limitan el efecto de los programas de transferencias monetarias sobre la pobreza y la desigualdad: el pequeño tamaño de sus transferencias y la histórica subcobertura de la población que vive en pobreza. Las transferencias representan aproximadamente el 33% de la brecha de pobreza. Además, solo el 55% de la población que vive en situación de pobreza se beneficia de estos programas. El 41% de las personas que viven en hogares que reciben al menos una transferencia no contributiva se encuentran por encima de la línea de pobreza. Los niños y los pueblos indígenas están subrepresentados, en relación con su tasa de pobreza, en las listas de beneficiarios. Brasil, Surinam, Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Panamá y Uruguay obtienen consistentemente las puntuaciones más altas en todas las categorías de evaluación. Nuestras recomendaciones de políticas incluyen: (i) intensificar los esfuerzos para aumentar la cobertura entre los pobres, utilizando técnicas modernas de mapeo de la pobreza junto con búsquedas activas sobre el terreno y (ii) recertificar la elegibilidad para programas de transferencias con mayor frecuencia mediante el uso de datos administrativos y registros sociales altamente interoperables. Ambos esfuerzos son necesarios para crear sistemas de protección de ingresos más eficientes que aborden tanto la pobreza estructural como la transitoria.

We assess the non-contributory cash transfer systems in 17 Latin American and Caribbean countries to identify factors that keep them from reducing poverty and inequality. To perform this assessment, we analyze three dimensions of size (number of beneficiaries, size of transfer per beneficiary, and size of total budget) and three dimensions of targeting (coverage, leakage, and quality of demographic targeting). We identify 67 programs, which fall into three broad categories: conditional cash transfers, non-contributory pensions, and other transfers. We use an international poverty line of 6.85 dollars PPP per day (similar to the average national poverty line of upper middle-income countries) and adjust survey weights to correct for the fact that household survey data often underestimates the official number of transfer beneficiaries compared to administrative sources. We show that two key factors limit the effect of cash transfer programs on poverty and inequality: the small size of their transfers and their historic under-coverage of the population living in poverty. Transfers represent approximately 33% of the poverty gap. Additionally, only 55% of the population in poverty benefits from these programs. Forty-one percent of people living in households that receive at least one non-contributory transfer are above the poverty line. Children and Indigenous people are underrepresented, relative to their poverty rate, in the rosters of beneficiaries. Brazil, Suriname, Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama, and Uruguay consistently earn the highest scores across the assessment categories. Our policy recommendations include: (i) intensifying efforts to increase coverage among the poor, using modern poverty mapping techniques along with active, on-the-ground searches and (ii) recertifying eligibility for transfer programs more frequently by using highly interoperable administrative data and social registries. Both efforts are needed to create more efficient income protection systems that address both structural and transient poverty.

Keywords

I38, pensiones no contributivas, ddc:330, América Latina y el Caribe, leakage, coverage, programas de transferencias monetarias, filtración, protección social, social protection, Latin America and the Caribbean, cobertura, focalización, non-contributory pensions, transferencias monetarias condicionadas, H53, conditional cash transfers, cash transfer programs, targeting

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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