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Depressão e comorbilidades orgânicas

Authors: Pinheiro, Adriana Maria Arantes;

Depressão e comorbilidades orgânicas

Abstract

As perturbações depressivas são caracterizadas por tristeza, perda de interesse ou prazer, sentimentos de culpa, autoestima baixa, fadiga, perturbações do sono e/ou do apetite e peso, sensação de cansaço e baixo nível de concentração. O número total de indivíduos com depressão a nível mundial foi estimado, em 2015, em mais de 300 milhões, o equivalente a 4,4% da população mundial. É mais prevalente no sexo feminino (5,1%) do que no masculino (3,6%). Normalmente tem início na terceira década de vida e atinge um pico de prevalência na idade adulta (acima de 7,5% entre as mulheres com 55-74 anos e acima de 5,5% entre os homens). A prevalência entre homens e mulheres iguala-se por volta dos 70 anos. A depressão é uma patologia subdiagnosticada e subtratada. Cerca de metade dos doentes com depressão não procuram ajuda e, dos que a procuram, cerca de metade não são diagnosticados. Quando adequadamente identificada, é, muitas vezes, tratada de forma inadequada ou com doses insuficientes de medicação, o que leva à manutenção de sintomas residuais, que comprometem a sua evolução clínica. Apenas 35% dos doentes são diagnosticados e tratados adequadamente. É uma patologia multifatorial, salientando-se como principais condições etiológicas a genética, a personalidade, as experiências na infância, os eventos precipitantes, alterações endócrinas e do sistema imune, aspetos cognitivos e alterações dos neurotransmissores. O tratamento da depressão assenta na terapia farmacológica e em psicoterapia concomitante. Em casos severos ou refratários pode ser realizada ECT. Existe uma relação bidirecional entre depressão e doenças orgânicas crónicas. Os comportamentos adversos e as mudanças psicobiológicas associadas com a depressão, aumentam o risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças crónicas. Por outro lado, as alterações biológicas e as complicações associadas às doenças crónicas podem precipitar episódios depressivos, aumentando o risco de morbilidade e mortalidade. Indivíduos com doenças crónicas têm taxas 2 a 3 vezes mais elevadas de depressão major. A associação entre depressão e doenças orgânicas é muito frequente, levando a pior evolução tanto do quadro psiquiátrico como da doença orgânica, a menor adesão às orientações terapêuticas e a maior morbidade e mortalidade. Diversas doenças estão claramente associadas à depressão, com maior destaque para as doenças endócrinas, cardiovasculares, neurológicas e oncológicas.

Depressive disorders are characterize by: sadness; loss of interest; feelings of guilt or low self-esteem; fatigue; sleep, appetite or weight disorders; feeling tired or low levels of concentration. The number of individuals with depression worldwide, in 2015, was estimated to be superior to 300 million, the equivalent of 4,4% of the entire world population. The prevalence of depression is higher in female individuals (5,1%) than in males (3,6%). Normally, it starts in the third decade of life and it reaches the highest levels of prevalence in adulthood (above 7,5% amongst women with 55-74 years and above 5,5% amongst men). The prevalence amongst men and women reaches the same levels around the age of 70. Depression is an under-diagnosed and under-treated pathology. About half the patients with depression do not seek help, and those who do, half of them are not diagnosed. When diagnosed correctly, it’s often treated inappropriately, with insufficient doses of medicine, which leads to maintenance of residual symptoms, that compromise the clinical prognosis of patients. Only 35% of patients are diagnosed and treated properly. It is a multifactorial pathology. As main etiological factors stands out: genetic factors, personality, childhood experiences, precipitating events, cognitive theory, monoamine hypothesis, endocrine and immunological changes. The treatment for depression is a combination of pharmacological therapy and psychotherapy. In severe cases, or cases that don’t respond to the pharmacological therapy, it is advisable to start ECT. There is a bidirectional relationship between depression and chronic diseases. The adverse health behaviors and psychobiological changes associated with depression raise the risk of developing chronic diseases. In the other hand, the biological changes and the complications that arise from chronic diseases can precipitate or worsen depressive episodes, increasing their morbidity and mortality risk. Patients with chronic diseases have 2 to 3 times higher rates of depression. The association between major depression and other clinical conditions is frequently observed, leading to worse prognosis, both on the psychiatric and clinical conditions, less adhesion to therapy guidelines and increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Several diseases are clearly linked to depression, typical examples are endocrine, cardiovascular, neurological and neoplastic diseases.

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Portugal
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Keywords

Mortalidade e Morbilidade, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde::Medicina, Depressão, Comorbilidades Médicas

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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
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