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Paralisia congénita do plexo braquial

Authors: Pinho, Ângela Maria;

Paralisia congénita do plexo braquial

Abstract

A Paralisia Congénita do Plexo Braquial (PCPB) é uma patologia que tem origem na lesão ao nascer de raízes ou de troncos nervosos do plexo braquial. Como esta estrutura é responsável pela inervação do membro superior, a sua lesão vai determinar alterações da postura, da mobilidade activa e da sensibilidade do membro lesado, que estão presentes no momento do nascimento (1,2). Como o recém-nascido é um ser em desenvolvimento, as sequelas a longo prazo da PCPB podem ser de extrema gravidade. Ao compromisso do normal desenvolvimento das estruturas músculo-esqueléticas, poderá adicionar-se a falta de integração do membro lesado no esquema corporal, com graves consequências a nível funcional e estético (3,4). Classicamente está descrita como associada a dificuldades durante o trabalho de parto e a manobras obstétricas (5), particularmente durante o período expulsivo. A lesão seria provocada pelo afastamento excessivo entre a coluna cervical e o ombro durante o parto, com o estiramento das raízes nervosas do plexo braquial (6). Após a generalização do parto assistido, a sua frequência reduziu-se consideravelmente. No entanto, apesar da constante melhoria da assistência na gravidez e no parto, a PCPB têm-se mantido com uma incidência estável nas últimas décadas. Por este motivo pensa-se que haverá causas não directamente relacionadas com as manobras obstétricas (1,2). Neste sentido, foi proposta a alteração da sua denominação de “Paralisia Obstétrica do Plexo Braquial”, que é ainda muito divulgada, para PCPB, que subscrevemos (1). Embora, como já focado, seja um problema que pode causar sequelas graves e permanentes, não existem registos sistemáticos da sua ocorrência a nível nacional. É, por isso, de extrema importância determinar a sua incidência, assim como os principais factores que lhe estão associados, para que, na medida do possível, sejam evitados. Este estudo tem como finalidade determinar o número de casos PCPB nos recém-nascidos entre 1 de Janeiro de 2005 e 31 de Dezembro de 2008 nas Maternidades dos Hospitais Pêro da Covilhã, Amato Lusitano e Sousa Martins e identificar os factores a eles associados. Em conclusão, este estudo sugere uma incidência de 5/1000, com o nascimento de 25 casos nos 4974 RN nos hospitais incluídos no estudo e uma possível relação entre a PCPB e a macrossomia fetal à nascença.

The Congenital Palsy of the Braquial Plexus (CPBP) is a pathology that consists in the lesion of the nervous roots of the braquial plexus. As this structure is responsive for the innervation of the superior member, it is in the origin of changes in the posture, active mobility and sensibility of the affected member seen at birth (1,2) . As the new-born is a developing being, the sequels at a distant future may be extremely severe. To the compromise of the normal development of the muscles structures, it is possible to add lack of integration of the injured member to the corporal schema, with severe consequences at the functional level (3,4) . Classically it is associated with difficulties during labor and with obstetric procedures, especially during the expulsive period (5) . The lesion would be provoked by the excessive separation between the cervical spine and the shoulder during labor, resulting in the stretching of the nervous roots of the braquial plexus (6) . After the generalization of the assisted labor, its frequency has been greatly reduced. Meanwhile, besides of the improvement of the medical assistance during pregnancy and labor, the incidence of this pathology has been kept stable in the last decades and, there for, its causes won`t have a direct relation with the obstetric procedures (1,2) . So, in order to consider different etiologies, the change in the name to “Congenital palsy of the braquial plexus” was proposed. Although, as said before, it consists in a problem that can cause permanent sequels, there are no systematic registries of the occurrence in the national statistics. Therefore, it is extremely important to determine the incidence, as well as the principal factors associated, so that they can be avoided in order to decrease the incidence of this pathology. The aim of this study is to determine the number of cases of CPBP in 27 new-born between 1 of January of 2005 and 31 of December of 2008 in the maternities of Pêro da Covilhã, Amato Lusitano and Sousa Martins hospitals, as well as to determine the principal involved factors. In conclusion, this study suggests an Incidence of 5 / 1000 with the birth of 25 cases in 4974 newborns in the hospitals included in the study and the possible interface between the PCPB and fetal macrossomia.

Country
Portugal
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Keywords

Recém-nascido - Lesões no parto - Plexo braquial, Paralisia obstétrica - Plexo braquial

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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