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Análise retrospectiva do achado de pico monoclonal em proteinogramas de rotina

Impacto no diagnóstico de gamapatias monoclonais
Authors: Fernandes, Carla Sofia;

Análise retrospectiva do achado de pico monoclonal em proteinogramas de rotina

Abstract

Introduction: Monoclonal gammopathies comprise of a heterogeneous group of pathologies, characterized by the monoclonal proliferation of plasmocytes, which produce and secrete immunoglobulins or fragments of these. In the majority of cases, this is a benign entity known as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. However, it is possible that these gammopathies may lead to the development of more serious conditions, mainly multiple myeloma and other malignant gammopathies. Critical to the diagnosis of these immunoglobinopathies is the routine detection of the monoclonal component by means of electrophoresis and serous/urinary immunofixation, as they may present with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. The main objective of this study is to emphasize the importance of laboratorial screening in the diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathies. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out, consisting in the analysis of electrophoresis and immunofixations applied to patients of the Clinical Pathology Department of the Cova da Beira Hospital Centre throughout the year 2009. Results: This study comprised of 3407 participants, 1983 (58.2%) females and 1424 (41.8%) males, with an average age of 65 years. Throughout the year 2009, the incidence of monoclonal peaks pregistered at the Cova da Beira Hospital Centre was 3.55%. The departments which detected the largest number of monoclonal peaks were Hematology and Internal Medicine. Within the total number of individuals presenting with monoclonal components, 74 (61.2%) were male and 47 (38.8%) were female, with an average age of 72 years. The incidence of heavy chains was 59.5% for IgG, 22.4% for IgM and 15.6 % for IgA. With respect to the light chains, the incidence of kappa chains was 62% and lambda chains 38%. Biclonal peaks were found in 5 individuals with a corresponding incidence of 4.13%. Conclusion: The electrophoresis of proteins may be considered as a good screening method for the early detection of monoclonal gammopathies, and immunofixation can be employed for confirmation of the diagnosis and characterization of the monoclonal gammopathies.

Introdução: As gamapatias monoclonais constituem um grupo heterogéneo de patologias, caracterizado pela proliferação monoclonal de plasmócitos que produzem e secretam imunoglobulina ou fragmentos desta. Na maioria das vezes, trata-se de uma entidade benigna, usualmente referida como gamapatia monoclonal de significado indeterminado. Contudo, esta pode evoluir para uma situação mais grave como o mieloma múltiplo ou outras gamapatias malignas. A detecção de componente monoclonal através de electroforese e a identificação por imunofixação sérica e/ou urinária de rotina são fundamentais para o seu diagnóstico, dada a sua variabilidade de manifestações clínicas. O principal objectivo deste estudo é salientar a importância da componente laboratorial no diagnóstico das gamapatias monoclonais. Métodos: Efectuou-se uma análise retrospectiva das electroforeses e imunofixações realizadas no Serviço de Patologia Clínica do Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira durante o ano de 2009. Resultados: Neste estudo, foram incluídos 3407 indivíduos, 1983 (58,2%) do sexo feminino e 1424 (41,8%) do sexo masculino, com uma idade média de 65 anos. Durante o ano de 2009, a incidência de picos monoclonais foi de 3,55%. Os serviços de Hematologia e de Medicina Interna foram os que detectaram o maior número de picos monoclonais. Do total de indivíduos com componente monoclonal, 74 (61,2%) eram do sexo masculino e 47 (38,8%) do sexo feminino, apresentando uma idade média de 72 anos. A incidência das cadeias pesadas foi de 59,5% para IgG, 22,4% para IgM e por último 15,6% para IgA. Em relação às cadeias leves, a incidência de kappa foi de 62% e de lambda 38%. Em 5 indivíduos foram detectados picos biclonais, tendo-se obtido uma incidência de 4,13%. Conclusão: A electroforese de proteínas pode ser considerada um bom método de triagem para detecção precoce de gamapatias monoclonais e a imunofixação para confirmação diagnóstica e para a caracterização das gamapatias monoclonais.

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Portugal
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Keywords

Electroforese de proteínas, Imunofixação, Componente monoclonal, Gamapatias monoclonais - Diagnóstico

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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