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Síndrome de apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono

Authors: Carvalho, Vanessa Mafalda Araújo;

Síndrome de apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono

Abstract

A Síndrome de Apneia/Hipopneia Obstrutiva do Sono apresenta actualmente uma elevada prevalência entre a população adulta, assim como diversas complicações inerentes a esta que aumentam a morbilidade e mortalidade dos pacientes que padecem desta patologia. Esta síndrome caracteriza-se pelo repetido estreitamento ou colapso das vias aéreas superiores durante o sono. A obstrução é causada pelo colapso do palato mole e/ou da base da língua contra as paredes faríngeas devido à diminuição do tónus muscular, encontrando-se predispostos os indivíduos que apresentam factores de risco para a ocorrência desta situação. Estes episódios acompanham-se essencialmente de hipoxémia, aumento da pressão arterial, despertares frequentes durante o sono e ressonar pronunciado. Indivíduos com a doença oculta encontram-se sob elevado risco de co-morbilidades médicas associadas e acidentes de viação devido à sonolência excessiva. A história médica de pacientes com SAHOS, inclui normalmente sonolência diurna, ressonar, hipertensão arterial sistémica e diabetes mellitus. Os achados clínicos comuns incluem o sexo masculino, obesidade, aumento da circunferência do pescoço, deposição excessiva de gordura no palato e faringe, macroglossia, palato mole longo, mandíbula e maxilar pequenos. Encontram-se disponíveis diversos exames complementares, sendo o registo polissonográfico nocturno o que fornece o diagnóstico definitivo. No entanto, estão a emergir novos métodos que pretendem fornecer a mesma fiabilidade e de mais simples execução. Relativamente ao tratamento, existem actualmente várias modalidades, tanto comportamentais, como clínicas e cirúrgicas que devem ser individualizadas e criteriosamente seleccionadas para a situação clínica de cada paciente. O prognóstico desta síndrome vai depender sobretudo do correcto diagnóstico e instauração atempada do tratamento mais adequado.

The Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome has in nowadays a high prevalence in the adult population, as the complications associated with this pathology, which raise the morbidity and mortality of these patients. This syndrome is characterized by repeated upper airway narrowing or collapse during sleep. The obstruction is caused by the soft palate and the base of tongue collapsing against the pharyngeal walls because of decreased muscle tone. These episodes are accompanied by hypoxemia, surges in blood pressure, brief arousal from sleep and pronounced snoring. Individuals with occult disease are at heightened risk of associated co-morbidities and motorway accidents because of excessive sleepiness. Common findings in the medical history include daytime sleepiness, snoring, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Common clinical findings include male gender, obesity, increased neck circumference, excessive fat deposition in the palate, tongue and pharynx, a long soft palate, a small recessive mandible and maxilla. They are available different kind of complementary exams of diagnosis, but only the nocturne polissonography gives the definitive diagnosis. However, they are appearing new methods which pretend to give the same results and are easier to execute. In what concern to the treatment, they are available different modalities, like changes in behavior, clinical and surgical methods that must be individualized and carefully selected for each patient. The prognosis of this syndrome will mainly depend of the correct diagnosis and the early administration of the most appropriate treatment.

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Portugal
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Keywords

Síndrome de apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono - Factores de risco, Síndrome de apneia obstrutiva do sono, Síndrome de apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono - Tratamento, Síndrome de apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono, Síndrome de apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono - Fisiopatologia, Síndrome de apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono - Diagnóstico

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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