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Efeitos do disruptor endócrino Bisfenol A na imunidade inata

Authors: Sousa, Luís Miguel Fernandes de;

Efeitos do disruptor endócrino Bisfenol A na imunidade inata

Abstract

Os disruptores endócrinos (DEs) são substâncias naturais ou sintéticas que, quando presentes no organismo, têm a capacidade de alterar funções endócrinas, agindo como agonistas ou antagonistas hormonais. O bisfenol A (BPA) está entre os DEs mais estudados e produzidos mundialmente, sendo utilizado na produção de plásticos de policarbonato e resinas epoxídicas. Encontra-se em inúmeros produtos de consumo diário, entre os quais garrafas de água, revestimentos de recipientes alimentares, lentes de contacto, produtos eletrónicos e brinquedos, o que resulta numa exposição generalizada da sociedade ao BPA. O sistema imunitário compreende um conjunto de mecanismos que cumpre a função de defesa do organismo, discriminando o próprio do alheio, tornando-o responsável pela manutenção do estado de saúde de cada indivíduo. É tradicionalmente dividido em duas categorias, a adaptativa e a inata, sendo que esta última cumpre a função de primeira linha de defesa e tem um papel fundamental na eliminação de patogénios nas fases iniciais da infeção. Avanços recentes no campo da imunidade inata têm suscitado o interesse da comunidade científica e propondo alterações paradigmáticas nesta vertente, introduzindo-se o conceito de memória, até então atribuído exclusivamente à imunidade adaptativa. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão sobre os mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos no efeito do BPA na imunidade inata, através da análise de investigações realizadas sobretudo em modelos animais. Os resultados observados permitiram concluir que a exposição ao BPA estava associada a alterações em diversos aspetos da imunidade inata, inclusive na diferenciação e proliferação de células efetoras, na indução da apoptose, na produção de óxido nítrico (NO), na secreção de citocinas e na atividade fagocítica, sendo que alguns desses efeitos são alcançados através da interação agonista com recetores de estrogénio (ERs). Contudo, são necessários mais estudos, particularmente em humanos, para a obtenção de dados mais consistentes que revelem a real influência do BPA na imunidade inata. Considerando-se o conteúdo exposto neste trabalho e dado o potencial do BPA em aumentar a suscetibilidade à doença, é recomendável a minimização da exposição ao BPA e a sua substituição por elementos inócuos para a saúde humana.

Endocrine disruptors (DEs) are natural or synthetic substances that, when present in the body, have the ability to change endocrine functions, acting as hormone agonists or antagonists. Bisphenol A (BPA) is among the most studied and produced DEs worldwide, being used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. It is found in many products of daily consumption, including water bottles, food container linings, contact lenses, electronic products and toys, resulting in widespread human exposure to BPA. The immune system comprises a set of mechanisms that serves the body's defense purpose, making it responsible for maintaining each individual's health. It is traditionally divided into two categories, adaptive and innate, the latter of which performs the first line defense functions and plays a key role in pathogens elimination at early stages of infection. Recent advances in the field of innate immunity have sparked the interest of the scientific community and proposed paradigmatic changes, introducing the concept of memory, previously assigned exclusively to adaptive immunity. This study aimed to perform a literature review about the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the effects of BPA in innate immunity by analyzing investigations mostly implemented in animal models. The results observed showed that BPA exposure was related to changes in many innate immunity aspects, including the differentiation and proliferation of effector cells, induction of apoptosis, nitric oxide (NO) production, cytokine secretion and phagocytic activity, and that some of these effects were accomplished through agonist interaction with estrogen receptors (ERs). However, more studies are needed, especially in humans, to obtain more consistent data revealing the real influence of BPA in innate immunity. Considering the contents exposed in this work and given BPA’s potential to increase disease susceptibility, minimize exposure to BPA is highly recommended, replacing it with harmless elements for human health.

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Portugal
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Keywords

Bisfenol A, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde::Medicina, Macrófago, Fagocitose e Disruptor Endócrino, Imunidade Inata

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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