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Doença de Alzheimer: Imunoterapia contra Amiloide Beta

Authors: Neto, Magui da Silva;

Doença de Alzheimer: Imunoterapia contra Amiloide Beta

Abstract

A doença de Alzheimer foi descrita pela primeira vez, há pouco mais de 100 anos, por Alois Alzheimer. Esta patologia é causa mais comum de demência, afetando cerca de 30 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Esta patologia está-se a tornar num problema epidémico, estimando-se que, em 2050 a incidência anual atinja um milhão de pessoas apenas nos Estados Unidos da América. O facto de a idade constituir o principal fator de risco, aliado ao envelhecimento da população mundial, criam as condições ideias para este rápido aumento da incidência. Macroscopicamente, a doença de Alzheimer caracteriza-se por atrofia cerebral difusa enquanto microscopicamente, duas lesões destacam-se: as mais precoces são as placas senis (depósitos de amiloide beta) e as mais tardias são os emaranhados neurofibrilares (depósitos de proteína tau hiperfosforilada). A doença afeta maioritariamente idosos a partir dos 65 anos (a prevalência quase que duplica a cada 5 anos), sendo a apresentação antes dessa idade, considerada precoce. Outras características clínicas são o seu início insidioso, progressão lenta e inexorável, com disfunção cognitiva e funcional, conduzindo à demência e dependência total dos indivíduos. A morte ocorre em média 7 a 10 anos após o diagnóstico. A doença de Alzheimer é tipicamente esporádica, ou seja, sem história familiar consistente com herança genética. Menos de 1% dos casos devem-se a mutações autossómicas dominantes nos genes AßPP, Preselina 1 ou Preselina 2, resultando inevitavelmente no inicio precoce da doença. O tratamento atualmente aprovado é meramente sintomático, consistindo nos inibidores de acetilcolinesterase e num antagonista do receptor N-Metil-D-Aspartato (Memantina). A hipótese da cascata amiloide defende que a doença de Alzheimer é uma proteinopatia, sendo a produção, agregação e deposição anormal de amiloide beta o evento desencadeante. Assim, teoricamente, se este distúrbio for prevenido ou revertido, pode-se interromper a progressão, ou mesmo o desenvolvimento clínico da doença. Tendo em conta o atrás mencionado, a imunoterapia contra a amiloide beta representa uma estratégia potencialmente modificadora da evolução da doença, criada no sentido de reduzir, reverter ou mesmo prevenir as lesões e as manifestações clínicas. Com esta tese pretendo rever a informação mais recente acerca de: amiloide beta, desde a sua formação ao seu papel na doença; e papel da imunoterapia contra amiloide beta nos indivíduos com doença de Alzheimer, desde o conceito até aos ensaios clínicos em humanos.

Alois Alzheimer first described alzheimer’s disease little more than 100 years ago. This condition is the most common cause of dementia, affecting around 30 million people worldwide. This pathology is to become an epidemic problem, it is estimated that by 2050 the annual incidence reaches a million people just in the United States. The fact that the age be the main risk factor, coupled with the aging of the world population, create ideal conditions for this rapid increase in incidence. Macroscopically, Alzheimer's disease is characterized by diffuse brain atrophy while microscopically two lesions are included: the earliest are the senile plaques (amyloid beta deposits) and the later is the neurofibrillary tangles (hyperphosphorylated tau protein deposits). The disease affects mainly elderly from 65 years (prevalence almost doubles every 5 years), and the presentation before that age is considered early. Other clinical features are its insidious onset, slow and inexorable progression with cognitive and functional impairment and dementia, leading to total dependence of individuals. Death occurs on average 7-10 years after diagnosis. Alzheimer's disease is typically sporadic, ie no family history consistent with genetic inheritance. Less than 1% of cases are due to autosomal dominant mutations in AßPP, Presenilin 1 or Presenilin 2 genes, inevitably resulting in the early onset of disease. The currently approved treatment is merely symptomatic, consisting of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (Memantine). The amyloid cascade hypothesis holds that Alzheimer's disease is a protein disorder and the production, abnormal aggregation and deposition of amyloid beta is the triggering event. Thus, theoretically, the prevention or reversion of this disorder can stop the progression, or even the development of clinical disease. Therefore, immunotherapy against amyloid beta, represents a potentially modifying the disease treatment, created to reduce, reverse or even prevent injury and clinical manifestations. With this thesis I intend to review the latest information on: the amyloid beta, from its formation to its role in disease; and the role of immunotherapy against beta amyloid in subjects with Alzheimer's disease, from concept to clinical trials in humans.

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Portugal
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Keywords

Vacina, Anticorpos Anti-Aß, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde::Medicina, Imunoterapia, Doença de Alzheimer, Amiloide Beta

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
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