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Vitamina C, cancro e citotoxicidade selectiva: estudos biológicos

Vitamin C, cancer and selective citotoxicity
Authors: Mamede, Ana Catarina Manjolinha;

Vitamina C, cancro e citotoxicidade selectiva: estudos biológicos

Abstract

A vitamina C é um nutriente essencial ao metabolismo das células vivas que existe sob duas formas: a forma reduzida (ácido ascórbico - AA) e a forma oxidada (ácido dehidroascórbico – DHA). A vitamina C é um nutriente cujos benefícios são desde há muito tempo conhecidos e amplamente divulgados, sendo que a sua maioria se devem à acção antioxidante desta vitamina. Como antioxidante, o principal papel da vitamina C é neutralizar os radicais livres doando-lhes os seus electrões, reflectindo a sua capacidade redutora e a habilidade para diminuir o stresse oxidativo. No entanto, alguns estudos controversos sugerem que este nutriente possa ter um papel preventivo e terapêutico na doença oncológica devido à sua eventual actividade pró-oxidante, promovendo a formação de espécies reactivas de oxigénio que podem induzir a morte celular nas células cancerígenas. Este factor, aliado à diminuição das enzimas antioxidantes e ao aumento de metais de transição descompartimentalizados nas células tumorais poderá resultar na citotoxicidade selectiva da vitamina C e na consequente revelação do seu potencial terapêutico. O objectivo deste trabalho é estudar o metabolismo e os mecanismos de acção da forma reduzida da vitamina C e mostrar o seu efeito citotóxico em duas linhas celulares tumorais: adenocarcinoma colorectal (WiDr) e melanoma melanocítico (A-375). Para tal, usaram-se técnicas de imagiologia nuclear e de biologia celular e molecular. Primeiramente, efectuou-se a marcação da forma reduzida da vitamina C com tecnécio-99m, de forma a obter um complexo radioactivo (99mTc-AA) passível de ser usado em imagiologia nuclear. Posteriormente, nos estudos in vitro, procedeu-se à realização de estudos de captação de 99mTc-AA e de pertecnetato de sódio nas duas linhas celulares estudadas, assim como à avaliação da citotoxicidade da vitamina através da avaliação da proliferação celular por espectrofotometria, ensaios clonogénicos e citometria de fluxo. Foram também feitos estudos in vivo com ratinhos Balb/c e Balb/c nu/nu com o intuito de comprovar os resultados obtidos no controlo de qualidade do 99mTc-AA e obter informação sobre a biodistribuição e vias de excreção e metabolização da formulação produzida. Por último, os ratinhos com xenotransplantes foram submetidos a uma terapia com AA e os tumores excisados foram analisados por citometria de fluxo. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a forma reduzida da vitamina C induz um efeito anti-proliferativo e/ou citotóxico nas células em estudo, podendo eventualmente vir a constituir uma nova abordagem terapêutica no tratamento do cancro colorectal.

Vitamin C is an essential nutrient to the metabolism of living cells which exist in two forms: the reduced form (ascorbic acid - AA) and oxidized form (dehydroascorbic acid - DHA). Vitamin C is a nutrient whose benefits are long known and widely publicized, being most of them related to the antioxidant action of this vitamin. As an antioxidant, the main role of vitamin C is neutralize free radicals by donating their electrons to them, reflecting their reduction capacity and the ability to reduce oxidative stress. However, some controversial studies suggest that this nutrient may have a preventive and therapeutic role in cancer disease due to their possible pro-oxidant activity, promoting the formation of reactive oxygen species that can induce cell death in cancer cells. This factor, coupled with the decrease of antioxidant enzymes and increased transition metal decompartmentalized in tumor cells may result in the selective cytotoxicity of vitamin C and the subsequent revelation of its therapeutic potential. The aim of this work is to study the metabolism and mechanisms of action of the reduced form of vitamin C and show their cytotoxic effect in two tumor cell lines: colorectal adenocarcinoma (WiDr) and melanocytic melanoma (A-375). To this end, we used nuclear imaging and molecular and cell biology techniques. First, we marked the reduced form of vitamin C with technetium-99m, in order to obtain a radioactive complex (99mTc-AA) that can be used in nuclear imaging. Subsequently, in in vitro studies, we performed the studies of uptake of 99mTc-AA and sodium pertechnetate in both cell lines studied, as well as evaluated the cytotoxicity of vitamin through the evaluation of cell proliferation by spectrophotometry, clonogenic assays and flow cytometry. Also had been made in vivo studies with Balb/c and Balb/c nu/nu mices in order to verify the results obtained in the quality control of 99mTc-AA and obtain information about the biodistribution and pathways of excretion and metabolism of the formulation produced. Finally, mice with xenografts were subjected to treatment with AA and excised tumors were analyzed by flow cytometry. The results suggest that the reduced form of vitamin C induces an anti-proliferative and/or cytotoxic effect in cells under study and may eventually be a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

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Keywords

Vitamina C - Cancro, Vitamina C, Vitamina C - Citotoxicidade, Vitamina C - Biodistribuição, Ácido ascórbico

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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