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O Impacto do Overtraining no Sistema Cardiovascular

Authors: Pereira, Miguel Pinto;

O Impacto do Overtraining no Sistema Cardiovascular

Abstract

Introdução: É consensual que a atividade física é fundamental para a prevenção e tratamento de um vasto leque de patologias. No entanto, são muitas vezes esquecidas as alterações provocadas pelo seu excesso. A busca incessante por melhores resultados desportivos, melhor performance ou, até mesmo, pelo corpo perfeito, levam a estes excessos. Esta dissertação visa abordar o overtraining e o seu impacto no sistema cardiovascular. Partindo dos mecanismos fisiológicos gerais em jogo, o trabalho focará, de seguida, as suas repercussões neste sistema. Serão salientadas algumas das doenças mais prevalentes em atletas resultantes do overtraining, desde o seu diagnóstico até medidas para as prevenir ou, pelo menos, diminuir os seus possíveis efeitos nefastos. Objetivos: Este estudo tem como principal objetivo alertar a comunidade médica e desportiva para os benefícios da deteção precoce e aconselhamento de atletas com condições cardiovasculares provocadas pelo overtraining. Serão apontados os mecanismos responsáveis e os melhores meios de diagnóstico disponíveis. Por fim, serão propostas recomendações de quando retornar à atividade desportiva e, em certos casos, quando cessar a atividade competitiva. Métodos: A pesquisa de informação foi feita através da seleção dos artigos mais relevantes encontrados nas bases de dados PubMed e ScienceDirect, utilizando os termos de pesquisa Overtraining, Cardiovascular System, Excessive training, Athlete e Prevention. A seleção do material foi baseada na leitura do título e resumo das publicações. Para complementar a pesquisa, fez-se a consulta, em várias publicações, de relatórios, normas, orientações e materiais formativos. Resultados: A descoberta dos mecanismos que estão na etiologia das várias patologias cardiovasculares leva a que a sua associação com o overtraining seja inegável. Recentemente, e com o auxílio dos métodos de imagem, o diagnóstico tornou-se mais célere e acessível, originando atualizações nas guidelines. Com o reconhecimento precoce dos sintomas por parte do atleta, com uma monitorização sistemática e individualizada pelo médico e com o cumprimento das normas e recomendações atualizadas, poderá ser diminuído o impacto do overtraining na qualidade de vida e na performance dos atletas. Conclusão: A investigação realizada demonstra que, quando o organismo é levado ao seu limite de capacidade durante um longo período de tempo, surgirão adaptações patológicas no sistema cardiovascular. A maioria dos atletas de elite dedicam a sua vida ao desporto e à busca de resultados e são, por isso, os mais afetados. Os mecanismos investigados explicam não somente casos de morte súbita em atletas, mas também a etiologia de distúrbios cardiovasculares vivenciados em muitas situações. Realça-se a importância do diagnóstico precoce e da prevenção para a diminuição da mortalidade. Para isso, é de extrema relevância a educação para os possíveis sintomas e a presença de aconselhamento médico sistemático e personalizado às necessidades dos atletas e das equipas onde estão inseridos.

Introduction: It is consensual that physical activity is fundamental for the prevention and treatment of a wide range of pathologies. However, the changes caused by its excess are often forgotten. The incessant search for better sports results, better performance or even the perfect body leads to these excesses. This dissertation aims to address overtraining and its impact on the cardiovascular system. Starting from the general physiological mechanisms at play, the search will then focus on its repercussions on this system. Some of the most prevalent diseases in athletes resulting from overtraining will be highlighted, from their diagnosis to measures to prevent them or, at least, reduce their possible harmful effects. Aim: The main objective of this study is to alert the medical and sports community to the benefits of early detection and counseling of athletes with cardiovascular conditions caused by overtraining. The responsible mechanisms and the best diagnostic means available will be pointed out. Finally, recommendations will be proposed on when to return to sports activity and, in certain cases, when to cease competitive activity. Methods: The search was carried out by selecting the most relevant articles found in the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases, using the search terms Overtraining, Cardiovascular System, Excessive training, Athlete and Prevention. The selection of material was based on reading the title and abstract of the publications. To complement the research, reports, standards, guidelines, and training materials were consulted in various publications. Results: The discovery of the mechanisms that are in the etiology of the various cardiovascular pathologies makes its association with overtraining undeniable. Recently, and with the help of imaging methods, the diagnosis has become faster and more accessible, leading to updates in the guidelines. With the early recognition of symptoms by the athlete, with systematic and individualized monitoring by the physician and with compliance with updated standards and recommendations, the impact of overtraining on the quality of life and performance of athletes can be reduced. Conclusion: Research has shown that when the body is pushed to its limit of capacity over a long period of time, pathological adaptations will emerge in the cardiovascular system. Most elite athletes dedicate their lives to sport and the pursuit of results and are, therefore, the most affected. The investigated mechanisms explain not only cases of sudden death in athletes, but also the etiology of cardiovascular pathologies experienced in many situations. The importance of early diagnosis and prevention is highlighted in order to reduce mortality. For this, it is extremely important education for possible symptoms and the presence of systematic and personalized medical advice to the needs of athletes and teams where they are inserted.

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Portugal
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Keywords

Atividade, Overtraining, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde::Medicina, Física, Cardiovascular, Coração

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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