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Cronoterapia no Doente Renal Crónico Hipertenso

Revisão Baseada na Evidência
Authors: Martins, Bernardo Vieira;

Cronoterapia no Doente Renal Crónico Hipertenso

Abstract

Introdução: existe evidência de que os valores de pressão arterial no período noturno são melhores preditores dos outcomes clínicos do que os valores tensionais no período diurno, sendo que doentes com perfil tensional non-dipper ou riser (padrão prevalente na doença renal crónica) apresentam maior risco cardiovascular e de desenvolver lesão de órgão-alvo. Assim, pressupõe-se que utilizando um tratamento eficaz e seguro, tendo em conta o ritmo circadiano tensional e os valores de tensão arterial noturna num indivíduo com doença renal crónica hipertenso, os perfis tensionais de maior risco possam ser revertidos através da administração de anti-hipertensores ao deitar (cronoterapia). Objetivos: avaliar qual o benefício da administração ao deitar de anti-hipertensores no controlo da pressão arterial, na alteração do perfil tensional e na diminuição do risco cardiovascular comparativamente à administração de anti-hipertensores fora do período noturno, no doente renal crónico hipertenso sem terapêutica renal de substituição, e verificar se essa evidência está representada nas atuais guidelines sobre o tema. Métodos: foi feita pesquisa de meta-análises, revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos e guidelines publicados nas línguas inglesa, portuguesa e espanhola, sem restrição na data da publicação. Utilizou-se a escala “Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy” para avaliação dos níveis de evidência e da força de recomendação. Resultados: obtiveram-se 52 artigos científicos na pesquisa inicial, dos quais seis cumpriram os critérios de inclusão (uma meta-análise, uma revisão sistemática e quatro ensaios clínicos). Da pesquisa de guidelines resultaram seis documentos. Os resultados indicam que, embora a eficácia na redução dos valores de pressão arterial diurna e nas 24h com a administração de fármacos anti-hipertensores ao deitar seja similar à da administração matinal, a cronoterapia transformou perfis non-dipper/riser em dipper, reduziu significativamente os valores de tensão arterial no período noturno, e mostrou uma redução do risco cardiovascular. Apenas duas guidelines fazem referência à cronoterapia, sem uma recomendação específica. Discussão: a cronoterapia pode beneficiar o doente renal crónico hipertenso pela redução da pressão arterial noturna e controlo dos perfis tensionais de maior risco, já que tem em conta o ritmo circadiano e otimiza a farmacodinâmica e farmacocinética da terapêutica, reduzindo o risco cardiovascular sem um custo adicional para o paciente ou para o Serviço Nacional de Saúde. Conclusão: A administração de anti-hipertensores ao deitar poderá ser aconselhada no doente renal crónico com hipertensão para diminuir a tensão arterial noturna e reduzir o risco cardiovascular associado (Força de Recomendação B), facto que poderá sugerir uma atualização das guidelines atuais.

Introduction: there is some evidence that blood pressure values at night are better predictors of clinical outcomes than daytime blood pressure values, and that patients with a non-dipper or riser blood pressure profile (a prevalent pattern in chronic kidney disease) have a higher cardiovascular risk and risk of developing a harmful target organ alterations. Thus, it is assumed that by using an effective and safe treatment, considering the circadian rhythm and nocturnal blood pressure values in a hypertensive individual with chronic kidney disease, the higher-risk tension profiles can be reversed through the administration of antihypertensive drugs at bedtime (chronotherapy). Objectives: what are the benefits of bedtime administration of antihypertensive drugs in blood pressure control, in the effectiveness of reversing pressure profiles and in reducing cardiovascular risk compared to administration of all antihypertensive drugs outside the nighttime period, in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease without renal replacement therapy and ascertain if that evidence is represented in the current guidelines about the topic. Methods: research of meta-analysis, systematic reviews, clinical trials and guidelines available in English, Portuguese and Spanish without limiting the time of the publication was done. The “Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy” was used to assess the levels of evidence and of the strengths of recommendation. Results: a total of 52 scientific articles were found in the initial research, six of which met the inclusion criteria (one meta-analysis, one systematic review and four clinical trials). The guidelines search resulted in six clinical guidelines that were included in this review. The results show that, although the bedtime administration of antihypertensive drugs showed a similar daytime and 24-hour blood pressure reduction as the morning administration of these drugs, chronotherapy transformed nighttime blood pressure profiles from non-dipper/riser to dipper and significantly reduced the cardiovascular risk. Only two guidelines mentioned chronotherapy treatment, without any particular recommendation. Discussion: chronotherapy can benefit these patients by reducing nighttime blood pressure and controlling higher-risk blood pressure profile, as it considers the circadian rhythm and optimizes the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of these drugs, reducing cardiovascular risk with no additional cost to the patient or the National Health Service. Conclusion: the administration of antihypertensive drugs at bedtime may be encouraged in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease to decrease nighttime blood pressure and reduce the associated cardiovascular risk (strength of recommendation B), which may suggest an update of the current guidelines.

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Portugal
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Keywords

Hipertensão Arterial, Doença Renal Crónica, Morbimortalidade Cardiovascular, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde::Medicina, Anti-Hipertensores, Cronoterapia

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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