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Transplante de Microbiota Fecal

Revisão bibliográfica baseada em evidências
Authors: Costa, Jennifer Fontebasso;

Transplante de Microbiota Fecal

Abstract

O trato gastrointestinal humano é colonizado por numerosas espécies de bactérias (a microbiota) que têm como função auxiliar a digestão, assistir na disponibilização de nutrientes, facilitar a maturação do epitélio do cólon e proteger de patógenos oportunistas. Fatores ambientais como a dieta, os probióticos, vírus e fármacos (principalmente os antibióticos) podem alterar esta composição, levando à disbiose, situação na qual as bactérias comensais não conseguem controlar as patogénicas. Esse desequilíbrio faz parte do processo patogénico de diversas doenças intestinais, como a síndrome do intestino irritável, doença celíaca e doença inflamatória intestinal. Estudos recentes revelaram que também têm influência em patologias extraintestinais como a obesidade, a síndrome metabólica e cardiovascular, a alergia, a asma, doenças neuropsiquiátricas como o autismo e o mal de Parkinson, e até no processo de envelhecimento. Atualmente, muitas pesquisas e estratégias terapêuticas estão focadas na compreensão da patogénese e na restauração do balanço do ecossistema intestinal. Uma destas estratégias é o transplante de microbiota fecal, procedimento que muda diretamente a microbiota intestinal, com o objetivo de normalizar a sua composição com consequente benefício terapêutico. Apesar de existirem relatos do uso desta técnica no século IV, só em 2013 foi elaborado um estudo randomizado que provou que o transplante fecal era mais eficaz que o uso de antibióticos em algumas doenças. Recentemente, esta técnica foi aprovada para o tratamento de infeções recorrentes e refratárias por Clostridioides difficile, com taxas de cura na ordem dos 90 por cento. Esta revisão sistemática tem como objetivo reunir as novas informações sobre o transplante de microbiota fecal, sistematizar as técnicas existentes, os métodos, riscos e benefícios associados, a sua aplicabilidade e sucesso terapêutico. Para isso fez-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica com recurso a banco de dados da plataforma PubMed, bem como a literatura técnica que se considere relevante.

Human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by numerous species of bacterias (microbiome) that have many functions as digestion auxiliary, assist nutrients availability, facilitate the maturation of the colon epithelium and protect from opportunistic pathogens. Environmental factors such as diet, probiotics, viruses and medications (mainly antibiotics) can change this composition, causing dysbiosis, situation in which commensal bacteria can’t control the opportunist pathogens. This imbalance is part of pathological process of several intestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Recent studies have revealed that it can also influence in extra-intestinal diseases such as obesity, metabolic and cardiovascular syndrome, allergy, asthma, neuropsychiatric diseases such as autism and Parkinson’s disease, and even in ageing process. Currently many researches and therapeutical strategies are focused on understanding pathogenesis and in restoration of intestinal ecosystem balance. One of these strategies is fecal microbiome transplantation, a procedure that directly changes the intestinal microbiome, with the aim of normalize it composition and consequently therapeutic benefit. Although there have already been reports of the use of this technique in the fourth century, only in 2013 a randomized study was developed to prove that fecal microbiome transplantation was more effective than antibiotics in some diseases. Since then this technique was approved to treat recurrent and refractory infections by Clostridioides difficile with 90 percent of cure rate. This bibliographic revision aims to gather new informations about fecal microbiome transplantation, systematize current techniques, methods, risks and associated benefits, applicability and therapeutical success. For this, a bibliographic search was made using PubMed platform database, as well as a technical literature that is considered relevant.

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Portugal
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Keywords

Transplante de Microbiota Fecal, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde::Medicina, Disbiose, Microbiota Intestinal, Eubiose, Ecossistema Intestinal

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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