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Prevenção do Tromboembolismo Venoso na Gravidez

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Authors: Ramos, Afonso Carvalho;

Prevenção do Tromboembolismo Venoso na Gravidez

Abstract

Introdução: A gravidez é um estado trombogénico. Nos países desenvolvidos, como Portugal, tem-se assistido a uma reprodução cada vez mais tardia. A idade é um dos fatores de risco mais importantes para Tromboembolismo Venoso (TEV) na gravidez. Consequentemente, o TEV tornou-se numa das principais causas de mortalidade na grávida em países desenvolvidos, substituindo causas clássicas como hemorragia e infeção. Atualmente já existem algumas Guidelines Internacionais que abordam os seus fatores de risco, diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção. Objetivos: Esta monografia tem como objetivo a avaliação da literatura no que respeita à estratificação do risco de TEV na grávidez, métodos atuais de prevenção de TEV na gravidez e proceder a uma revisão crítica das recomendações atuais de tromboprofilaxia. Métodos: Foi realizada um Revisão Descritiva da Literatura tendo sido feita uma pesquisa na base de dados Pubmed, utilizando a ferramenta advanced research, com as palavras-chave “tromboembolismo” OU “trombose venosa”, “tromboprofilaxia” e “fatores de risco”. Na pesquisa foram selecionados os artigos publicados até há 5 anos e que incluíssem, pelo menos, duas palavras-chave. Resultados e Discussão: Todas as mulheres devem ser submetidas a uma avaliação de risco antes de engravidar, e ao longo da gravidez, parto e puerpério. Nem todas as grávidas com fatores de risco para TEV devem receber tromboprofilaxia. O conjunto de fármacos mais utilizados são as Heparinas de Baixo Peso Molecular, por serem globalmente os mais seguros para a grávida. Na prevenção mecânica, pode-se considerar Meias de Compressão Elástica e Filtros da Veia Cava Inferior, estes últimos reservados para casos refratários à trombrofilaxia farmacológica. Conclusões: Os estudos sugerem algumas opções para tromboprofilaxia. Não existe nenhuma estratégia isenta de riscos para a grávida e para o feto. Este trabalho sublinha, também, a importância de um trabalho multidisciplinar no sentido de prevenir o TEV na grávida.

Introduction: Pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state. In developed countries, as Portugal, reproduction is happening each time later in life. Age is one of the most important risk factors for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) in Pregnancy. VTE has turned into one of the main causes of mortality of pregnant women among developed countries, replacing other classical causes of mortality such as infection and hemorrhage. There are already some International Guidelines referring to its risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Objectives: With this monography we aim to review the VTE risk stratification in pregnant women, the available prevention methods, and to review the present thromboprophylaxis recommendations based on International Guidelines. Methods: A Descriptive Review of the Literature has been performed. We did out research the database Pubmed, and we used the keywords “thromboembolism” OR “venous thrombosis”, “thromboprophylaxis” and “risk factors”. We selected the articles which were published in the last five years and that included, at least, two keywords. Results and Discussion: All women should undergo a risk assessment before getting pregnant, but also during pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium. Not all women who are at a relatively risk of VTE should receive thromboprophylaxis. The drugs that are more commonly used are the Low Molecular Weight Heparins, for being globally the safest. In that respects to mechanical prevention, we can consider Compression Stockings and Inferior Vena Cava Filters, the later used only in cases that are refractory to pharmacological thromboprophylaxis. Conclusion: The current available data suggests some options for thromboprophylaxis. Currently, no strategies are free from risks to the pregnant woman and the fetus. This monography also emphasizes how important it is to work in multidisciplinary teams in order to prevent VTE in pregnant women.

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Portugal
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Keywords

Trombose Venosa, Tromboprofilaxia, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde::Medicina, Tromboembolismo, Atores de Risco

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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