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UTL Repository
Master thesis . 2024
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A teoria dos jogos aplicada aos impostos verdes

Authors: Direitinho, Carolina Matroca;

A teoria dos jogos aplicada aos impostos verdes

Abstract

Os Impostos Verdes constituem um modo de alcançar uma maior proteção ambiental sem prejudicar o normal funcionamento do mercado nem a sustentabilidade das políticas fiscais dos diversos governos. Tanto a área ambiental como a área económica se revestem de indispensabilidade para um profícuo desenvolvimento da sociedade, pelo que optar por uma política equilibradamente respeitadora de ambas as esferas, ainda que mais demorada, será sempre mais eficiente do que optar por proteger uma área em detrimento da outra, independentemente da celeridade, visto tal potenciar o desenvolvimento de externalidades negativas tão gravosas que dificilmente poderiam ser internalizadas. Visando o incremento da proteção ambiental, interessa determinar a estratégia fiscal mais adequada a alcançar tal fim. Ainda que os Impostos Verdes constituam a principal opção adotada pelos Estados, motivo pelo qual na presente dissertação se colocam, desde logo, em principal foco, cumprirá verificar se serão efetivamente a opção mais viável e eficiente. Tal análise poderá ser efetuada através da aplicação da Teoria dos Jogos. Ao estabelecer uma interdependência entre decisões e reações de diversos sujeitos intervenientes num mesmo cenário, a Teoria adquire relevância para a temática em apreço na medida em que, aplicando-se à relação entre os Contribuintes e os Estados, se tornará possível entender como as políticas fiscais pelas quais os Governos optem poderão afetar os sujeitos passivos e, consequentemente, como estes reagirão perante a carga fiscal que suportem. Ao se aplicar tal raciocínio à fiscalidade ambiental, relevará entender se, sendo realmente os Impostos a via mais eficiente e adequada – desde logo por despoletaram menores custos administrativos – não existirá um modo de aumentar a sua eficiência, nomeadamente, através de um superior número de Fiscalizações ou do estabelecimento de uma relação de maior reciprocidade para o Contribuinte. A par de tal análise, cumpre entender os respetivos impactos nos fenómenos de Elisão e Evasão Fiscal.

Green Taxes are a way to achieve greater environmental protection without harming the normal functioning of the market or the sustainability of the fiscal policies of the different governments. Both the environmental and the economic areas are essential for the fruitful development of society, so opting for a balanced policy that respects both spheres, even if it takes longer, will always be more efficient than choosing to protect an area at the expense of the other, regardless of the speed, as this enhances the development of negative externalities so serious that they could hardly be internalized. Aiming at increasing environmental protection, it is important to determine the most appropriate fiscal strategy to achieve this end. Although Green Taxes are the main option adopted by the States, which is why in this dissertation they are, from the outset, in the main focus, it will be necessary to verify if they will effectively be the most viable and efficient option. Such analysis can be carried out through the application of the Game Theory. By establishing an interdependence between the decisions and reactions of several intervening subjects in the same scenario, the Theory acquires relevance to the topic under consideration as, applying to the relationship between Taxpayers and States, it will become possible to understand how fiscal policies chosen by Governments may affect taxable persons and, consequently, how they will react to the tax burden they bear. When applying such reasoning to environmental taxation, it will be important to understand whether, as Taxes are really the most efficient and appropriate way - since they have triggered lower administrative costs - there will not be a way to increase their efficiency, namely, through a higher number of Inspections or the establishment of a relationship of greater reciprocity for the Taxpayer. Along with this analysis, it is necessary to understand the respective impacts on the tax avoidance and evasion phenomena.

Country
Portugal
Keywords

Imposto ambiental, Reciprocidade, Eficiência, Tax policy, Reciprocity, Política fiscal, Teses de mestrado - 2024, Green Taxes, Teoria dos jogos, Efficiency, Game theory, Direito Financeiro e Fiscal

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    popularity
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    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green