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Master thesis . 2016
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Salmonella sp. em répteis de companhia

Authors: Carvalho, Ana Carina Branco;

Salmonella sp. em répteis de companhia

Abstract

Salmonella sp. é um dos géneros bacterianos zoonóticos mais frequentemente associados a toxinfeções alimentares a nível mundial. Apesar de os alimentos serem os principais veículos de transmissão e propagação de Salmonelose, estima-se que 6% dos indivíduos afetados tenham desenvolvido infeção através contacto direto ou indireto com animais exóticos. Uma vez que a nível nacional os dados existentes sobre transmissão de Salmonella por répteis serem escassos ou praticamente inexistentes, este trabalho surge com o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência de Salmonella sp. em répteis, doentes e clinicamente saudáveis, bem como avaliar o seu perfil de resistência a agentes antimicrobianos e perfil fenotípico de virulência.Neste estudo foi possível obter um total de 78 amostras de fezes por zaragatoa cloacal, originárias de diferentes espécimes de répteis (Ofídios n=8, Sáurios n=27 e Quelónios n=43), no período de 8 de setembro a 31 de outubro de 2014. A partir destas amostras procedeu-se ao isolamento e identificação de Salmonella sp. por métodos bacteriológicos convencionais. Foi ainda realizada a caracterização do perfil de resistência a 12 compostos antimicrobianos utilizados na prática clínica veterinária na terapêutica de répteis e com uso descrito também em Medicina Humana, incluindo: Amoxicilina+Ácido clavulânico, Ampicilina, Penicilina, Amicacina, Gentamicina, Cloranfenicol, Ácido nalidíxico, Ciprofloxacina, Enrofloxacina, Cefotaxima, Tetraciclina e Sulfametoxazole+Trimetroprim. A avaliação do perfil de resistência de cada isolado foi realizada pelo método de difusão em disco, tal como recomendado pelo Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). A produção de exotoxinas, tais como, gelatinase, lipase, DNAse e hemolisina, foi avaliada através de métodos fenotípicos.Foi possível obter 38 isolados identificados como Salmonella sp. (n=21) e Salmonella cholerasuis subsp.arizonae (n=17). Os isolados obtidos apresentaram elevada resistência a Penicilina (n=37) e também resistência a Ampicilina (n=6) e Amoxicilina + Ácido clavulânico (n=5). Quatro isolados apresentaram resistência a dois compostos antimicrobianos e 6 isolados possuíram um perfil de multirresistência, caracterizado pela resistência a três ou mais compostos antimicrobianos com modo de ação distinto. Em relação ao perfil de virulência, foi possível verificar que 23 dos isolados obtidos eram produtores de DNAse e que a totalidade dos isolados eram produtores de hemolisina e lipase. Em relação a gelatinase, nenhum dos isolados apresentou capacidade de produzir esta enzima. Estes resultados permitem concluir que os répteis são potenciais veículos de transmissão de Salmonella sp., tanto para outros animais como para humanos, o que pode originar problemas de Saúde Pública uma vez que podem apresentar perfis de resistência e virulência elevados. Devido a estes fatores, aconselha-se aos donos, proprietários e criadores a implementar medidas de higiene e maneio adequadas ao tipo de réptil que possuam, de modo a evitar a disseminação deste agente microbiano.

ABSTRACT - Salmonella sp. is a zoonotic bacteria, frequently associated with foodborne infections worldwide. However, salmonellosis can be transmitted by other means, being estimated that 6% of all affected individuals have developed infection by direct or indirect contact with exotic animals. As existing data on Salmonella sp. transmission by reptiles in Portugal is extremely scarce, this work intended to evaluate Salmonella sp. prevalence in both clinically healthy and diseased reptiles, as well as evaluate the isolates’ antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles. A total number of 78 cloacal samples was collected by swabbing different individuals (snakes n=8, lizards n=27, chelonians n=43), from September 8th to October 31st 2014. Salmonella sp. was isolated and identified by conventional bacteriological methods. Antimicrobial resistance profile was evaluated by the disk diffusion method as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, using 12 antimicrobial compounds commonly used in veterinary practice and also used in human medicine, as follows: amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, ampicillin, penicillin, amikacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, cefotaxime, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim. The production of exotoxins such as gelatinase, lipase, DNase and hemolysin was evaluated by phenotypic methods. It was possible to obtain 38 isolates identified as Salmonella sp. (n=21) and as Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. arizonae (n=17). Isolates exhibited high levels of resistance to penicillin (97.4%) and low levels of resistance to ampicillin (15.8%) and amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (13.2%). Six isolates (15.8%) presented a multidrug resistance profile, characterized by resistance to three or more antimicrobial compounds with distinct modes of action. All isolates were able to produce Hemolysin and Lipase, 60.5% were able to produce DNase and none were able to produce Gelatinase. Therefore, reptiles are potential vehicles of Salmonella sp. transmission, both for humans and other animals, as almost half of the sampled animals were found to be carriers of this bacterium. This may represent a significant public health problem, especially if these Salmonella sp. present antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants. It is advisable for owners and breeders to implement hygiene and husbandry measures appropriate for each type of reptile, in order to prevent the spread of this zoonotic bacterium.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária

Country
Portugal
Keywords

virulence, resistência a antimicrobianos, salmonella, répteis, antimicrobial resistance, virulência, reptiles

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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