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Avaliação de biomarcadores bioquímicos da periodontite

Authors: Vroylandt, Margaux Françoise Ginette;

Avaliação de biomarcadores bioquímicos da periodontite

Abstract

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the supporting tissues of the teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It develops from an exaggerated immune response to bacteria in dental plaque, leading to the progressive destruction of periodontal structures. If left untreated, the condition can cause tooth mobility and, in advanced cases, tooth loss. Its progression results from complex interactions among pathogenic microorganisms, host immune responses, and environmental factors such as smoking. Understanding its etiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, and treatment strategies is crucial for effective management. Early diagnosis, along with the elimination of causative agents and reduction of modifiable risks, remains the cornerstone of prevention and therapy. Biochemical biomarkers are measurable molecules that reflect biological or pathological processes and therapeutic responses. In periodontitis, these biomarkers include inflammatory cytokines, enzymes related to tissue degradation, and other mediators indicating disease activity. Their analysis offers valuable information on disease severity, progression, and response to treatment, supporting clinical decisionmaking. Gingival crevicular fluid, located in the sulcus between the tooth and gingiva, is a particularly rich source of such biomarkers. It contains cells, proteins, and inflammatory mediators that closely mirror the local periodontal status. Studies reveal strong correlations between biomarker levels and disease severity: elevated cytokines and proteolytic enzymes are often linked to more advanced cases. Therefore, the investigation of biochemical biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid represents a promising approach for assessing disease severity, monitoring progression, and individualizing therapy, thereby enhancing the precision of periodontal disease management.

La parodontite est une maladie inflammatoire chronique qui affecte les tissus de soutien des dents, notamment la gencive, le ligament parodontal et l’os alvéolaire. Elle résulte d’une réponse immunitaire excessive face aux bactéries de la plaque dentaire, provoquant une destruction progressive des structures parodontales. Non traitée, elle peut entraîner une mobilité dentaire et, dans les cas avancés, une perte des dents. Son développement découle d’interactions complexes entre bactéries pathogènes, réactions inflammatoires de l’hôte et facteurs environnementaux tels que le tabagisme. La compréhension de son étiologie, de sa pathogenèse, de ses facteurs de risque et des approches thérapeutiques est essentielle à une prise en charge efficace. Le diagnostic précoce, associé à l’élimination des causes et à la réduction des facteurs modifiables, demeure la base de la prévention et du traitement. Les biomarqueurs biochimiques sont des molécules mesurables reflétant des processus biologiques, pathologiques ou thérapeutiques. Dans la parodontite, ils incluent des protéines inflammatoires, des cytokines et des enzymes liées à la dégradation tissulaire. Leur analyse permet d’évaluer la gravité, la progression et la réponse au traitement, contribuant ainsi à une meilleure orientation clinique. Le fluide gingival créviculaire, situé entre la dent et la gencive, représente une source riche en biomarqueurs. Il contient cellules, protéines et médiateurs reflétant l’état inflammatoire local. L’augmentation de certaines cytokines et enzymes est corrélée à des formes plus sévères, fournissant une image directe des processus inflammatoires. L’étude de ces biomarqueurs constitue ainsi une approche prometteuse pour évaluer la sévérité, suivre l’évolution et personnaliser la prise en charge de la parodontite.

A periodontite é uma doença inflamatória crónica que afeta os tecidos de suporte dos dentes — gengiva, ligamento periodontal e osso alveolar. Resulta de uma resposta imunológica exacerbada às bactérias da placa dentária, levando à destruição progressiva desses tecidos. Sem tratamento, pode causar mobilidade dentária e, em estadios avançados, perda dos dentes. O seu desenvolvimento envolve interações complexas entre microrganismos patogénicos, respostas inflamatórias do hospedeiro e fatores ambientais, como o tabagismo. Assim, compreender a etiologia, a patogenia, os fatores de risco e os protocolos terapêuticos é essencial para uma gestão eficaz. O diagnóstico precoce e a eliminação das causas e fatores modificáveis constituem a base da prevenção e do tratamento. Os biomarcadores bioquímicos são moléculas mensuráveis que refletem processos biológicos, patológicos ou respostas terapêuticas. Na periodontite, incluem proteínas inflamatórias, enzimas associadas à degradação dos tecidos e outros compostos que indicam a atividade da doença. A sua análise ajuda a avaliar a gravidade, a evolução e a orientar decisões clínicas. O fluido gengival crevicular, localizado no sulco entre dente e gengiva, é uma fonte rica em biomarcadores, contendo células, proteínas e mediadores que refletem o estado inflamatório local. A avaliação desses marcadores mostra correlação entre os seus níveis e a severidade da doença. Citocinas e enzimas específicas associam-se a quadros mais graves, fornecendo uma visão direta da destruição tecidual. O estudo desses biomarcadores nos fluidos gengivais constitui, assim, uma estratégia promissora para monitorizar a doença e personalizar o tratamento, contribuindo para uma gestão clínica mais precisa.

Country
Portugal
Keywords

Biomarcadores bioquímicos, Periodontite, Correlação, Fluido gengival

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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Green