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Ensinar frações no 5º ano de escolaridade

um estudo sobre as práticas de uma professora
Authors: Cardoso, Joana Inês Carvalho;

Ensinar frações no 5º ano de escolaridade

Abstract

Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender de que modo posso preparar e concretizar um ensino favorável à aprendizagem dos números racionais não negativos representados sob a forma de fração. Assim, decidi estudar a minha prática enquanto professora de uma turma do 5º ano de escolaridade de uma escola do concelho do Seixal. Neste âmbito, coloquei as seguintes questões: a) a que aspetos dei especial atenção na preparação da aula? Quais se destacaram pela sua relevância? b) Como conduzi as aulas orientadas para a aprendizagem das frações? c) Que desafios experienciei? O enquadramento teórico foca, nomeadamente a complexidade do conceito de fração, discute a construção deste conceito numa perspetiva de desenvolvimento de sentido de número e refere aspetos a ter em conta na preparação e lecionação de aulas orientadas para a aprendizagem das frações. Em termos metodológicos, o estudo insere-se numa abordagem qualitativa de investigação e constitui uma investigação sobre a prática. Neste âmbito, concebi e concretizei uma intervenção pedagógica que decorreu, no âmbito do estágio no 2º ciclo, durante quatro semanas. Os dados foram recolhidos através de observação participante e recolha documental. Além disso, foram objeto de uma análise de conteúdo orientada por categorias temáticas. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam que, na preparação das aulas, é importante selecionar e seriar tarefas que permitam trabalhar, com os alunos, os diferentes significados de fração. É, também, relevante antecipar possíveis estratégias de resolução dessas tarefas e inventariar questões a colocar, ou outras intervenções a fazer, nos momentos de discussão coletiva. No que diz respeito à condução das aulas, destaca-se o ser capaz de colocar boas questões no momento certo visando que os alunos aprofundem o seu conhecimento; monitorizar a sua atividade enquanto trabalham autonomamente de modo a conhecer e apoiar esta atividade mas sem constranger as potencialidades matemáticas das tarefas; e abrir o espaço discursivo da aula à voz dos alunos durante as discussões coletivas para que estes tenham a oportunidade de explicar e justificar os seus raciocínios. Entre os desafios que experienciei sobressaem identificar se uma tarefa é, ou não, poderosa considerando os objetivos de aprendizagem visados; antecipar estratégias de resolução que, potencialmente, os alunos poderão usar; gerir o currículo devido, em particular, à necessidade de ter em conta dois programas de Matemática diferentes; dominar, nalgumas ocasiões, o discurso da aula por intervir em demasia reduzindo as potencialidades de determinada tarefa; e conseguir orquestrar, da melhor forma, as discussões coletivas.

This study aims to understand how can I prepare and perform a supportive teaching of non-negative rational numbers represented in the form of fraction. Therefore, I decided to study my practice as a 5th grade school teacher. Considering this, I place the following questions: a) To what aspects have I given special attention in preparing the lessons? b) How do I conduct the classes oriented to fractions learning? c) What challenges have I experienced? The theoretical framework focuses on the complexity of the fraction concept, it discusses this concept's construction in a perspective of number sense development and refers important aspects to take into account during the preparation and teaching of lessons focused on fractions. Methodologically, the study is framed on a qualitative research approach and it constitutes an investigation about the practice. Therefore, I conceived and performed a pedagogic intervention that took place, within the 2nd cycle internship, for four weeks. The data were collected through participative observation and documental collect. Besides, they were object of a content analysis guided by thematic categories. The results of this study show that, in the phase of lessons preparation, it is important to select and to sequence tasks that allow to work, with the students, the different meanings of fraction. It is also relevant to anticipate different ways to solve those tasks and to plan questions to ask, or other interventions to make, during collective discussions. Concerning teaching, it is very important to be able to place the right questions in the right moment so that the students are able to deep their knowledge; to monitor their activities as they work autonomously in order to understand and to support this activity but without restraining the mathematical potentialities of the tasks; and to open the discourse of the class to the students voice during the collective discussions so they have the opportunity to explain and justify their arguments. Among the challenges I have experienced, it stands out to identify whether a task is, or not, mathematically powerful considering the intended learning objectives; to anticipate resolution strategies that, potentially, the students may use; to manage the curriculum because, in particular, I need to take account different mathematics’ programs; to dominate, in some occasions, the discourse of the lessons for intervening too much, reducing the potentialities of a given task; and to orchestrate, in the best way, the collective discussions.

Country
Portugal
Keywords

Números racionais não negativos, Práticas do professor, Relatório de projeto de investigação, Relatório de estágio, Fractions, Frações, Non-negative rational numbers, Teacher practices

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green