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Ecotoxicologial assessment of cetylpyridinium chloride and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride

Authors: Pacheco, Elisabete José de Sousa;

Ecotoxicologial assessment of cetylpyridinium chloride and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride

Abstract

Os líquidos iónicos (ILS) são sais que são estáveis acima da sua temperatura de fusão e são constituídos exclusivamente por iões (um catião orgânico ou inorgânico). Esta classe de substâncias químicas desperta considerável interesse devido às suas propriedades únicas e modificáveis. Devido ao crescente interesse nestes compostos, é previsível um aumento da sua produção e uso á escala industrial, o que pode resultar na libertação destes compostos no meio ambiente. Nos últimos anos, os ILS tem sido usados como uma alternativa aos solventes orgânicos convencionais, no entanto, poucos dados existem sobre a sua toxicidade e ecotoxicidade. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o perfil ecotoxicológico de um IL derivado do imidazólio, o cloreto de 1-(2-hidroxietil)-3-metilmidazólio ([C2OHMIM][C1]), e um IL derivado do piridínio, o cloreto de cetilpiridínio ([C16Pyr][C1]). A avaliação ecotoxicológica foi realizada utilizando uma bateria de organismos teste de diferentes níveis tróficos: Chlorella vulgaris, Daphnia magna, Artemia salina, Lactuca sativa e Allium cepa. [C16Pyr][C1] demonstrou maior toxicidade para todos os organismos teste do que o [C2OHMIM][C1]. Os valore de EC50 para o [C16Pyr][C1] variaram entre 0.0000205 e 35.404mM. Os valores de EC50 para o [C2OHMIM][C1] variaram entre 3.635 e 111.97mM. Com base nos resultados, a classificação do [C16Pyr][C1] variou de relativamente inofensivo para a A. Cepa a super tóxico para a D. magna. A classificação do [C2OHMIM][C1] variou de relativamente inofensivo para todos os organismos teste a praticamente não tóxico para a D. magna. Foi também demonstrado que a D. magna é o organismo mais sensível a ambos os ILs testados. Os resultados do presente trabalho contribuem para melhor conhecer o perfil ecotoxicológico dos ILs e para fornecer informação adicional para a criação de compostos químicos mais seguros.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts that are stable over their melting temperature and are made exclusively of ions (one organic cation and one organic or inorganic anion). This chemical class has received considerable interest due to their unique and tuneable properties. The growing interest in ILs predicts an increase of their manufacture and use at industrial scale, which may result in the increased release of these compounds into the environment. In the past years, ILs have been used as a greener alternative to hazardous conventional solvents, although few data regarding the toxicity and ecotoxicity of ILs is available. In the present work, we assessed the ecotoxicological profile of one imidazolium based IL, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2OHMIM][Cl]), and one pyridinium based IL, cetylpyridinium chloride ([C16Pyr][Cl]). The ecotoxicological evaluation was performed using a battery of test organisms from different ecosystems and from different trophic levels: Chlorella vulgaris, Daphnia magna, Artemia salina, Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa. [C16Pyr][Cl] demonstrated to be more toxic to all the test organisms than [C2OHMIM][Cl]. [C16Pyr][Cl] EC50 values varied between 0.0000205 and 35.404 mM. [C2OHMIM][Cl] EC50 values varied between 3.635 and 111.97 mM. [C16Pyr][Cl] hazard classification varied from relatively harmless for A. cepa to super toxic to D. magna. [C2OHMIM][Cl] hazard classification varied from relatively harmless for all test systems to practically nontoxic to D. magna. It was also shown that D. magna demonstrated the highest sensitivity for both ILs. The present results showed to be useful to understand ILs toxicity profile and to provide additional information for the design of safer compounds.

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Portugal
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Keywords

A. salina, D. magna, Cetylpyridinium chloride, C. vulgaris, Ecotoxicity, A. cepa, Ionic liquids, L. sativa

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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