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A divisão no 4º ano de escolaridade

Authors: Alcobia, Helena Isabel da Silva;

A divisão no 4º ano de escolaridade

Abstract

Este estudo tem como objetivos: (i) perceber qual a compreensão que os alunos do 4º ano de escolaridade têm do conceito de divisão e (ii) analisar o desempenho que os alunos evidenciam na resolução de problemas que têm implícito o conceito de divisão. Para tal, procurou responder-se a quatro questões: a) Como é que os alunos reconhecem a operação de divisão na resolução de problemas? (problemas que têm implícito o conceito de divisão); b) Que estratégias utilizam os alunos na resolução de problemas de divisão?; c) Que dificuldades manifestam os alunos quando resolvem tarefas de divisão?; d) Quais os aspetos do sentido do número revelados pelos alunos na resolução de tarefas de divisão? De acordo com a problemática em estudo, a abordagem metodológica adotada foi de natureza qualitativa com carácter interpretativo (Bogdan & Biklen, 1994), na modalidade de estudo de caso (Yin, 2009). O estudo consistiu na criação de uma sequência de aprendizagem, constituída por seis problemas de divisão, tendo sido a mesma aplicada numa turma do 4º ano do Ensino Básico, na qual era professora de apoio educativo, no ano letivo 2013/2014. A que se seguiu a análise das estratégias utilizadas por quatro alunos na resolução dos problemas. Os alunos estavam integrados na turma e pertenciam ao mesmo grupo de trabalho. Os resultados do estudo revelam que os alunos recorrem a estratégias aditivas e multiplicativas muito diversificadas, tendo sido identificadas as seguintes: adição de dobros, adição repetida de parcelas iguais, usar a subtração, usar fatores de referência, usar múltiplos de 10, usar o dobro, multiplicar sucessivamente, multiplicar em coluna. Recorrem ainda às seguintes estratégias: usar o valor de posição e tentativa e erro. Os alunos fazem também a representação do algoritmo da divisão, mas recorrem para isso a uma estratégia multiplicativa. Os alunos optam por utilizar estratégias multiplicativas na resolução de problemas de divisão, com grande frequência e com sucesso, embora também recorram, com menor frequência, a estratégias aditivas, com recurso à adição e subtração.

Abstract This study aims to: (i) realize what is the comprehension that students from 4th grade have of the concept of division, and (ii) analyze their performance in solving problems in which the division concept is implicit. To do so, four questions were raised: a) How do students recognize the division operation in solving problems? (problems with the concept of division implicit); b) Which strategies students use in solving division problems?; c) What difficulties affect students when they solve division tasks?; d) What aspects of number sense revealed by students in solving division tasks?. According to the issues under study, the methodological approach adopted was qualitative with interpretive nature (Bogdan & Biklen, 1994), in the form of case study (Yin, 2009). The study consisted in the development of a learning sequence, composed of six division problems, that was applied to a class of 4th year of basic education, for which I was the educational support teacher in the school year 2013/2014. Then the strategies used by four students in solving problems were analyzed. These students were integrated in the same group work. The study results show that students resort to several additive and multiplicative strategies, including the following: adding doubles, repeated addition of equal amounts, using subtraction, using reference factors, using double, using multiples of 10, multiplying successively, multiplication column method. They also rely to other strategies such as: using the position value and trial-and-error. Some students make also the representation of the division algorithm, but use a multiplicative strategy. Students choose to use, frequently and successfully, multiplicative strategies in solving division problems, although they also apply but not so often, additive strategies using the addition and subtraction.

Country
Portugal
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Keywords

Problem solving, Sentidos da divisão, Estratégias de cálculo, Sentido do número, Cálculo mental, Number sense, Sense of division, Mental math, Calculation strategies, Resolução de problemas, Concept of division, Conceito de divisão

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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