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Toxicidade e metabolismo de novas catinonas: a ameaça das drogas ilícitas emergentes

Authors: Ferreira, Inês Maria Ramos;

Toxicidade e metabolismo de novas catinonas: a ameaça das drogas ilícitas emergentes

Abstract

As catinonas sintéticas, são β-ceto análogos das anfetaminas, e por isso, consideradas psicostimulantes. Estes compostos são sintetizados de forma a serem estruturalmente diferentes dos compostos ilegais, e por isso, aparecem no mercado como substâncias legais, representando uma alternativa de drogas de abuso, de fácil acesso no mercado. Este trabalho teve como objetivos efetuar o estudo da permeabilidade da barreira gastrointestinal de oito catinonas sintéticas: 3’-CMC, 4’-CMC, 3’-CEC, 4’-CEC,3’-CBC, 4’-CBC, 3’-Cl-DEC e 4’-Cl-DEC. Consequentemente, foi ainda necessário avaliar a sua toxicidade na linha celular Caco-2 e desenvolver um método de quantificação destas substâncias por HPLC-DAD. A metodologia de HPLC-DAD desenvolvida mostrou ser linear na gama de concentrações avaliadas (1 a 25 μg/mL). O estudo da permeabilidade para cada catinona, foi efetuado com o valor da concentração do IC50 (entre 1,80 e 6,10 mM), obtido para a citotoxicidade, a partir do método MTT. Esta avaliação permitiu identificar que as catinonas mais tóxicas nas Caco-2 são as 3’-CBC e 4’-CBC, cujos IC50 são 1,87 mM e 1,90 mM, respetivamente. A catinona com maior taxa de permeação é a 4’-CEC, cujo valor de Papp foi de 4,89x10-6 cm/s, indicando que possui permeabilidade moderada. O estudo na linha celular Caco-2 sugere que existe uma relação entre a estrutura das catinonas e a sua citotoxicidade, mostrando que um aumento na cadeia N-alquílica conduz a um aumento da sua toxicidade, contudo a posição do átomo de cloro parece não influenciar a toxicidade. Numa tentativa de perceber se as células normais têm um comportamento semelhante às células cancerígenas foi efetuado um estudo da citotoxicidade da 4’-CBC, por ser uma das mais tóxicas, em fibroblastos da derme humana, cujo valor do IC50 poderá ser, aproximadamente, 0,80 mM. De modo a tentar compreender o mecanismo de toxicidade na linha celular HepG-2 foi ainda realizado um estudo de metabolómica por espectrometria de massa de alta resolução (LC-HRMS) nestas células, com a 4’-CEC, por ter sido a que apresentou maior permeação. No modo positivo, verificou-se que os metabolitos extraídos das células controlo são diferentes dos metabolitos das células expostas à catinona, com variação de 81% e r2=0,79. Para as células controlo foram propostos metabolitos como espermidina e monofosfato de uridina. Nas células tratadas foram propostos a N1-acetilespermidina e oleamida, indicando que a catinona afeta negativamente as células. Apesar de se ter efetuada ainda a quantificação de proteínas extraídas das células da linha celular HepG2, expostas à catinona em comparação com as células controlo e uma SDS-PAGE, os resultados não foram conclusivos. Este trabalho contribuiu para o aumento do conhecimento do efeito tóxico de catinonas sintéticas que circulam no mercado.

Synthetic cathinones are β-keto analogues of amphetamines and are therefore considered psychostimulants. These compounds are synthesized in such a way that they are structurally different from illegal compounds, and therefore appear on the market as legal substances, representing an alternative to drugs of abuse, easily accessible on the market.This work aimed to study the permeability of the gastrointestinal barrier of eight synthetic cathinones: 3'-CMC, 4'-CMC, 3'-CEC, 4'-CEC, 3'-CBC, 4'-CBC, 3' -Cl-DEC and 4'-Cl-DEC. Consequently, it was still necessary to evaluate their toxicity in the Caco-2 cell line and develop a method for quantifying these substances by HPLC-DAD.The developed HPLC-DAD methodology proved to be linear in the range of concentrations evaluated (1 to 25 μg/mL). The permeability study for each cathinone was carried out with the IC50 concentration value (between 1,80 and 6,10 mM), obtained for cytotoxicity, from the MTT method. This evaluation made it possible to identify that the most toxic cathinones in Caco-2 are 3'-CBC and 4'-CBC, whose IC50 are 1,87 mM and 1,90 mM, respectively. The cathinone with the highest permeation rate is 4'-CEC, whose Papp value was 4,89x10-6 cm/s, indicating that it has moderate permeability. The study on the Caco-2 cell line suggests that there is a relationship between the structure of cathinones and their cytotoxicity, showing that an increase in the N-alkyl chain leads to an increase in their toxicity, however the position of the chlorine atom does not seem to influence toxicity.In an attempt to understand whether normal cells behave similarly to cancer cells, a study was carried out on the cytotoxicity of 4'-CBC, as it is one of the most toxic, on human dermal fibroblasts, whose IC50 value could be approximately 0,80 mM.In order to try to understand the mechanism of toxicity in the HepG-2 cell line, a metabolomics study by high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was also carried out on these cells, with 4'-CEC being the one with the highest permeation. In positive mode, it was found that the metabolites extracted from control cells are different from the metabolites from cells exposed to cathinone, with a variation of 81% and r2=0,79. For control cells, metabolites such as spermidine and uridine monophosphate were proposed. N1-acetylspermidine and oleamide were proposed in the treated cells, indicating that cathinone negatively affects the cells. Although the quantification of proteins extracted from cells of the HepG2 cell line, exposed to cathinone, was also carried out in comparison with control cells and SDS-PAGE was made, the results were not conclusive. This work contributed to increasing knowledge of the toxic effect of synthetic cathinones circulating on the market.

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Portugal
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Keywords

HepG2, New psychoactive drugs, Catinonas sintéticas, Mass spectrometry, Novas drogas psicoativas, Metabolomics, Caco-2, Synthetic cathinones, Metabolómica, Biodisponibilidade,, HPLC-DAD, Bioavailability,, Espectrometria de massa

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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