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Tempo de ecrã e funcionamento executivo de crianças entre 6-8 anos

Screen time and executive function of children from 6 to 8 years-old
Authors: Tomás, Inês Sofia Patrício;

Tempo de ecrã e funcionamento executivo de crianças entre 6-8 anos

Abstract

Introdução: A emergência digital trouxe uma constante presença dos dispositivos eletrónicos na rotina das crianças levantando questões acerca do seu impacto no bem-estar e desenvolvimento cognitivo. Estudos anteriores têm vindo a demonstrar resultados contraditórios, tendo o seu enfoque em idades pré-escolares. Com a presente investigação pretendeu-se caracterizar o tempo de utilização de diferentes dispositivos eletrónicos pelas crianças do 1º ciclo escolar do ensino básico e verificar a sua relação com a atenção e as funções executivas. Metodologia: A amostra selecionada por conveniência é constituída por 65 crianças dos 6 aos 8 anos (M=7.1; DP=0.79), sendo que 44.6% são do sexo masculino e 55.4% do sexo feminino, de uma escola básica na região de Mafra pertencente à Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (AML). Os instrumentos utilizados incluíram heterorelato e medidas de desempenho direto. Para caracterização das rotinas das crianças quanto ao uso dos dispositivos eletrónicos aplicou-se aos pais o QTEC, e para avaliar as funções executivas aplicou-se a BRIEF. Para avaliar a atenção e funcionamento executivo de crianças de diferentes grupos de tempo de ecrã foram ainda aplicados os subtestes Fluência Verbal, Cancelamento de Sinais e Trilhas A e B da BANC. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos mostram que existem diferentes padrões de utilização dos dispositivos de ecrã durante a semana e ao fim-de-semana, constando-se uma maior utilização nos dias livres escolares. Quase metade da amostra tem, pelo menos, um dispositivo próprio. Destaca-se uma associação significativa entre a Televisão e as subescalas Planeamento e Índice de Metacognição, e o Computador com a subescala Monitorização. Quanto maior o tempo de exposição a estes dispositivos, maiores as dificuldades de a criança planear ações, definir metas, monitorizar os seus próprios pensamentos/comportamentos, bem como adaptar as suas estratégias cognitivas face aos desafios com que se defronta. Após definir dois grupos, baixo e médio/alto risco de excesso do digital, foram observadas diferenças significativas nas tarefas de Cancelamento de Sinais, Trilhas B e Fluência Verbal Fonémica, com um desempenho pior no grupo com superior exposição digital. Conclusões: As conclusões revelam que as diretrizes da OMS para o tempo de ecrã ainda não são inteiramente cumpridas. Os nossos resultados corroboram estudos anteriores, quanto à dominância do tempo passado em frente aos ecrãs, confirmando que as crianças portuguesas entre os 6 e os 8 anos de idade, com maior tempo de ecrã, podem ter dificuldades em manter a atenção e monitorar a sua auto-regulação em tarefas cognitivas. A comunidade educacional deve analisar com cuidado o uso e o conteúdo do tempo de ecrã das crianças em início de escolaridade.

Theoretical Background: The digital emergency and the constant integration of the electronic devices, into children's daily routines, have raised several questions, especially about their impact on cognitive development and well-being dimensions. Previous studies have shown contradictory results and are focused on pre-school children. Therefore, this research aims to characterize the amount of time primary school children spend using different electronic devices and their relationship with the executive functions. Method: The sample consisted of 65 children aged 6 to 8years (M=7.1; SD=0.79), with 44.6% being male and 55.4% female, from a primary school in the Mafra region belonging to the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (AML). The instruments used included parent reports and direct performance measures. To characterize the children's routines regarding the use of electronic devices, the QTEC was administered to parents, and the BRIEF was used to assess executive functions. To evaluate the attention and executive functioning of children from different screen time groups, the subtests of Signal Cancellation, Verbal Fluency, and Trails A and B subtests from the BANC were also administered. Results: The results reveal different patterns of screen time between weekdays and weekends, being higher on days free from school. Almost half of the sample has at least one personal device. There is a notable positive association between Television and the Planning and Metacognition Index subscales, and between Computer and the Monitoring subscale. The longer the exposure time to these devices, the greater the child's difficulties in planning actions, setting goals, monitoring their own thoughts/behaviors, as well as adapting their cognitive strategies to the challenges they face. After defining two groups, low and medium/high digital risk, significant differences were observed in the Signal Cancellation, Trails B, and Phonemic Verbal Fluency tasks, with worse performance in the group with more considerable digital exposure. Conclusions Our conclusions reveal that the WHO guidelines for screen time are not yet fully adhered to. Thus, our study corroborates previous data, confirming that Portuguese children between 6 and 8 years old with high screen time can struggle to maintain attention and monitor their self-regulation on cognitive tasks. The educational community should carefully assess the use and content of screen time for children at the beginning of their schooling.

Country
Portugal
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Keywords

Atenção, Executive functions, Primary school, 1º ciclo, Crianças, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Sociais::Psicologia, Funções executivas, Attention, Children, Screen time

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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