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Caracterização fisiológica e nutritiva da clorose férrica em citrinos

Authors: Pestana, M.;

Caracterização fisiológica e nutritiva da clorose férrica em citrinos

Abstract

A clorose férrica induzida pelo ião bicarbonato afectou diversos parâmetros e processos fisiológicos dos porta-enxertos de citrinos estudados, nomeadamente a clorofila total, a biomassa total e parcial, a eficiência fotoquímica e o teor nutritivo da parte aérea e radicular. Estas respostas permitiram diferenciar o nível de tolerância destes porta-enxertos, sendo a citranjeira ‘Troyer’ o mais tolerante, seguido do Citrus taiwanica Tan. e apresentando-se o citrumeleiro ‘Swingle’ como o mais susceptível à clorose férrica. A susceptibilidade do citrumeleiro ‘Swingle’ está essencialmente associada à maior necessidade de Fe na solução nutritiva de modo a contrariar os efeitos do ião bicarbonato. O aumento da actividade da quelato de Fe(III)-redutase ocorreu nas plantas cloróticas de laranjeira da cultivar ‘Newhall’, enxertadas em citranjeira ‘Troyer’, e esteve associado a alterações morfológicas ao nível do sistema radicular. As relações encontradas entre a composição mineral das folhas, das flores e a clorofila total permitem concluir que é possível efectuar o diagnóstico da clorose férrica através da composição mineral das flores de laranjeira ‘Valencia late’ na plena floração (Abril), antecipando deste modo a data de colheita foliar recomendada para citrinos, de Outubro para Abril. Foram estabelecidos intervalos de diagnóstico baseados nos valores médios da razão nutritiva Mg/Zn, nas flores. Determinaram-se valores de referência, ou níveis adequados, para a concentração de alguns nutrientes nas flores associados com a produção de frutos com um calibre comercialmente favorável (> 76 mm). O diagnóstico precoce ou prognóstico da clorose férrica possibilita uma correcção atempada, prevenindo o aparecimento dos sintomas da rebentação seguinte (Verão) com a consequente melhoria da qualidade da produção. As aplicações foliares de ferro em árvores de laranjeira ‘Valencia late’ e de tangerineira ‘Encore’ permitiram controlar os decréscimos de produção e de qualidade do fruto provocados pela clorose férrica induzida em solos calcários. Para além disso, estes tratamentos podem ser efectuados com produtos economicamente mais viáveis como sejam as soluções com sulfato de Fe(II). A clorose férrica afectou não só os parâmetros de qualidade da produção anual de fruto, como também os novos crescimentos vegetativos e florais que surgem durante a Primavera. Adicionalmente, verificou-se um atraso na maturação dos frutos das árvores cloróticas das duas espécies de citrinos estudadas.

Lime-induced chlorosis affects several physiological parameters and processes of citrus rootstocks namely total chlorophyll, shoot and root biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and mineral contents of roots and shoots. These responses may indicate differential tolerance to iron chlorosis with Citrange Troyer as the most tolerant rootstock, followed by Citrus taiwanica Tan. and Citrumelo Swingle in increasing order of susceptibility. A 2.5-fold increase of ferric chelate reductase activity over control was found only when plants of Newhall were grown with low levels of Fe and in the presence of calcium carbonate. Based on the relationship between leaf and flower mineral composition and leaf chlorophyll concentration, it is possible to diagnose iron chlorosis in Citrus (cv. ‘Valencia Late’) using mineral composition of flowers at full bloom (April). A Mg/Zn ratio in flowers smaller than 100 indicated that the trees developed iron chlorosis 90 days after full bloom (July). When the ratio was greater than 200, the trees remained green in the same date (July). Intermediary values meant a latent chlorosis with no apparent symptoms. The mineral composition of flowers at full bloom could be used to estimate quality parameters of fruits the following year, namely fresh weight and maturation index. Reference values were determined for the mineral composition of flowers corresponding to trees where fruits had a diameter greater than 76 mm. An earlier diagnosis can benefit commercial fruit growers since it allows them to detect potential deficiencies earlier and implement treatments to prevent loss of fruit quality. Iron chlorosis caused a delay in fruit ripening in both citrus species. Foliar sprays with Fe could prevent yield and quality losses caused by Fe chlorosis in citrus orchards. Furthermore, these treatments could be done with relatively cheap materials such as solutions containing Fe(II) sulphate. The addition of citric acid to iron (II) sulphate further improved the results of the treatment.

Country
Portugal
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Keywords

Capacidade fotossintética, SPAD, Qualidade da produção, Clorose férrica, Métodos de diagnóstico, Fluorescência, Tratamentos foliares, Biomassa, Parâmetros de crescimento, Análise nutritiva, Quelato de Fe(III)-redutase, Citrinos

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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