In clinical practice it sometimes happens that with currently available conformal radiotherapy techniques no satisfactory dose distribution can be achieved. In these cases inverse radiotherapy planning and intensity modulated radiotherapy may give better solutions.Inverse planning is a technique using a computer program to automatically achieve a treatment plan which has an optimal merit. This merit may either depend on dose or dose-volume constraints like minimum and maximum doses in the target region or critical organs, respectively, or biological indices like the complication free tumor control rate. As the result of inverse planning the inhomogeneous intensity fluence of the beams is calculated. These fluence distributions may be generated by beam compensators or multi-leaf collimation.Clinical studies to prove the advantage of inverse planning are already on the way. It has been shown that this technology is safe and that the dose distributions which can be achieved are superior to conventional methods.Inverse treatment planning and intensity modulated radiation therapy will almost certainly come to be the technique of choice for selected clinical cases.