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Repositório da UTAD
Master thesis . 2016
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Repositório da UTAD
Master thesis . 2016
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Prevalence of Paenibacillus larvae viable spores in honey

Authors: Holz, Marianna;

Prevalence of Paenibacillus larvae viable spores in honey

Abstract

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Zootécnica A loque americana é umas das principais doenças que afeta a criação das abelhas melíferas. Esta doença é altamente virulenta e contagiosa, pois é causada pela bactéria formadora de esporos, Gram-positiva Paenibacllus larvae. Os sinais desta doença são bastante evidentes nos favos da criação, pois após a infeção as larvas passam de uma cor pérola para uma cor castanha escura. Nesta fase, cada larva morta contém aproximadamente 2,5 x 109 esporos que são transmitidos para outras larvas através das abelhas obreiras. O apicultor consegue facilmente observar a criação doente, pois esta apresenta sinais caraterísticos, devendo proceder de imediato à destruição da colmeia afetada, impedindo que ocorra a transmissão de esporos de colónia em colónia e entre apiários. No entanto, a deteção tardia da loque americana baseada apenas em sinais clínicos presentes na colónia, é preocupante visto que o único tratamento possível consiste na destruição da colmeia. Desta forma, o primeiro objetivo deste estudo consistiu em detetar a presença de esporos de Paenibacillus larvae em produtos sem sinais visíveis de contaminação, como o mel e a cera. Posteriormente, foram adicionadas ao estudo amostras de mel tratado com radiação gama, favos com sinais da doença e por fim um suplemento alimentar (pasta de açucar). A metodologia utilizada para a deteção de esporos viáveis do agente patológico presente nas amostras consistiu em técnicas laboratoriais de cultivo em meio sólido suplementado com antibióticos, seguido por testes de identificação, nomeadamente teste da catalase e coloração Gram, e por último confirmação por reação em cadeia da polimerase. Das 75 amostras de mel analisadas, 57% continham esporos viáveis, sendo que a maioria de casos positivos foram detetados nas amostras provenientes dos distritos do Porto, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu e Beja. Relativamente à concentração de esporos viáveis por grama de mel verificou-se a existência de dois focus, um na região litoral norte/centro que corresponde ao distrito do Porto, Aveiro e Viseu, e outro em Portalegre, contendo ambos entre 60 a 130 unidades formadoras de colónias. No caso da cera, em 15 amostras analisadas, 20% foram positivas para a deteção de esporos, e continham em média entre 17 a 37 esporos viavéis por grama de cera. No que diz respeito às restantes amostras analisadas, o mel tratado com radiação gama foi negativo para a presença de esporos, sugerindo a eficiência deste tratamento na eliminação de esporos, todas as amostras de favos com sinais de doença foram positivas para a presença de P. larvae, e por último, a pasta de açucar que esteve em contato com uma colmeia infetada foi também positiva para a deteção de esporos viáveis. Esta metodologia mostrou-se eficiente na deteção de esporos viáveis da loque americana nos vários produtos apícolas. Visto que o esporo é altamente resistente a altas temperaturas e a desinfeções químicas, a prevenção e o maneio apícolas são fundamentais no controlo desta patologia. Com esta metodologia é possível avaliar o estado sanitário dos apiários e eventuais produtos apícolas que se pretendam utilizar no maneio das colónias, evitando desta forma a disseminação desta doença. American foulbrood is one of the most important diseases affecting honey bee brood. This disease is highly virulent and contagious, because it is caused by the spore forming Gram-positive bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. The clinical signs of the disease in the brood comb are highly visible because larvae changes from a pearly white to a dark brown color. At this stage, each dead larva has approximately 2.5 x 109 spores, and they are transmitted through nurse bees to other larvae. Beekeepers can easily observe the disease brood, because of its specific signs. They should immediately burn the infected beehive, preventing the spores spreading within and between colonies and apiaries. The late detection of American foulbrood based on clinical signs alone is alarming since the only possible treatment consists of beehive burn. Therefore, the first objective of this study was to detect the presence of Paenibacillus larvae spores in beehive products without any clinical signs of the disease, such as honey and wax. Subsequent to this study, honey treated with gamma radiation was added, combs with clinical disease signs and finally a supplementary feed (candy). The methodologies used for viable spore detection were culture laboratory techniques on solid media supplemented by antibiotics, followed by identification tests, namely catalase test and Gram staining, and finally confirmation tests using polymerase chain reaction. Of 75 honey samples examined, 57% contained viable spores, with majority of positive samples detected in Porto, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu e Beja. Relative concentration of viable spores per gram of honey was observed and there are two areas of focus, one in the north/center cost region, corresponding to Porto, Aveiro, and Viseu and another in Portalegre, containing both between 60 to 130 colonies forming units. Of 15 wax samples examined 20% were positive, and the average of colony forming units per gram of wax was between 17 to 37 viable spores. In the case of the remaining samples, the honey treated with gamma radiation was negative for spore presence, suggestion the effectiveness of this treatment for spore elimination, all brood combs samples with clinical signs of disease were positive to P. larvae, and finally, the candy sample that was in contact with infected colonies, was also positive for viable spore detection. The methodology used was shown to efficiently detect American foulbrood viable spores in several beehive products. Since the spore is extremely resistant to high temperatures and to chemical disinfestations, prevention and adequate beekeeping handling were crucial to control this pathology. With the implementation of this methodology, it is possible to determine the sanitary status of apiaries and beehive products, while avoiding the dissemination of the disease.

Country
Portugal
Keywords

Paenibacillus larvae, Loque americana, Apicultura, 638.1(043), Bacteriose

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green