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Análise do dano de DNA em produtos de abortamento

Authors: Magalhães, Mariana Filipa Leite;

Análise do dano de DNA em produtos de abortamento

Abstract

A infertilidade e o aborto espontâneo são eventos comuns na falha da reprodução humana. Cerca de 50% das mulheres que sofrem hemorragias durante o primeiro trimestre de gestação abortam espontaneamente. A maioria dos abortos espontâneos têm como causas principais anomalias cromossómicas, como trissomias e poliploidias que são agravadas com o aumento da idade materna. No entanto existem outros fatores como a genética, anomalias do útero, distúrbios hormonais, qualidade do esperma e estilo de vida. As células do corpo humano estão constantemente expostas a fatores que podem provocar danos no DNA. A ocorrência desses danos e a falha nos mecanismos de reparação estão relacionadas com o surgimento de vários problemas de saúde, nomeadamente a infertilidade masculina. Nesse sentido este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o dano do DNA em produtos de abortamento com o intuito de perceber a sua relação com a ocorrência dos abortos espontâneos. O trabalho consistiu não só na avaliação do dano no DNA, como também análise citogenética. Em termos citogenéticos foram analisadas 47 amostras de produtos de abortamento anonimizadas. Através de bandeamento GTL foi possível obter um diagnóstico em 41 casos. Foi necessário recorrer à técnica de FISH em 5 casos, em que houve crescimento celular, mas não se obtiveram metáfases de qualidade. Em 6 casos em que não houve crescimento celular e em 2 casos em que houve suspeita de contaminação materna utilizou-se a técnica TOUCHFISH. Através destas técnicas foi possível excluir as aneuploidias mais comuns em 76,9% dos casos analisados. O dano no DNA foi analisado através do ensaio do cometa. Nesta análise experimental foram realizados três tipos de ensaios em 43 das 47 amostras analisadas pela citogenética. No primeiro, avaliou-se o dano de DNA em amostras previamente crio-preservadas em azoto líquido. Este ensaio foi aplicado a 33 amostras e verificou-se que todas apresentaram um dano bastante elevado, não sendo possível extrapolar nenhuma relação entre o abortamento e o dano. Realizou-se então um segundo ensaio, em que foi analisado o dano em 13 amostras frescas e após congelamento em azoto líquido com o intuito de avaliar se o processo de congelamento induzia o dano, tal como descrito na literatura relativamente a outro tipo de células. Os resultados mostraram que 12 das 13 amostras apresentaram um dano superior após o congelamento. No terceiro ensaio, realizado em 10 amostras, foi analisada a capacidade de recuperação do dano em células em cultura, sendo comparado o dano nas amostras a fresco e passadas 24, 48 e 72h em cultura. Neste grupo foi considerada a idade e história clínica da grávida. Nas amostras a fresco o dano variou entre 14 e 375 UA,sendo maior nos casos em que a idade materna era mais elevada. O valor de maior dano (375 UA) observou-se num caso em que a grávida sofria de epilepsia. E em todos os casos houve uma elevada taxa de reparação, que foi mais evidente após 48h em cultura, em que 50% dos casos apresentaram uma reparação superior a 90 % face ao dano inicial. Esta conclusão permite-nos especular que a origem do dano em alguns dos casos possa ter sido induzida por fatores externos, como por exemplo as condições de recolha das amostras. O estudo do dano do DNA nos produtos de abortamento, foi uma abordagem inovadora, não existindo dados na literatura da avaliação do dano neste tipo de amostras. Neste trabalho corroborou-se a informação que a criopreservação aumenta o dano no DNA, tendo-se observado um aumento do dano nas células após este processo. A capacidade de reparação do DNA não foi igual para todas as amostras e não estava associada à presença de alterações citogenéticas, o que levanta novas perspetivas de investigação. A persistência de dano do DNA em determinadas amostras, indica que se deve investigar o papel do dano do DNA na origem do aborto.

Infertility and miscarriage are common events in the failure of human reproduction. About 50% of women who experience bleeding during the first trimester of pregnancy ends up having spontaneous pregnancy loss. Most of miscarriage are caused by chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy’s and polyploidies that are more common with increasing of maternal age. However, there are other factors such as genetics, uterus abnormalities, hormonal disorders, sperm quality and lifestyle. Human body cells are constantly exposed to factors that can cause DNA damage. The occurrence of such damage and the failure of repair mechanisms are related to various health problems, including male infertility. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate DNA damage in abortion products in order to understand if there is a correlation with the occurrence of spontaneous abortions. This work consists of assessing DNA damage and cytogenetic analysis. 47 samples of anonymized abortion products were analyzed by cytogenetic. Through GTL banding it was possible obtain a diagnosis in 41 cases. It was necessary to resort the FISH technique in 5 cases, where there was cell growth, but no quality metaphases were obtained. In 6 cases that there was no cell growth and in 2 cases in which maternal contamination was suspected, the TOUCH-FISH technique was used. Through these techniques it was possible to exclude the most common aneuploidies in 76.9% of the analyzed cases. DNA damage was analyzed by comet assay. In this experimental analysis three types of assays were performed in 43 of the 47 samples analyzed by cytogenetics. In the first, DNA damage was evaluated in previously cryopreserved samples in liquid nitrogen. This test was applied to 33 samples and it was found that all had a very high damage, and it was not possible to extrapolate any relationship between abortion and damage. A second assay was then performed, where the damage was analyzed in 13 fresh samples and after freezing in liquid nitrogen to assess whether the freezing process induced damage as described in the literature for other cell types. 12 of 13 samples showed superior damage after freezing. In the third assay, performed on 10 samples, the damage recovery capacity of cultured cells was analyzed. This analysis compared the damage of fresh samples and at 24, 48 and 72 hours of culture. In this group we considered the age and clinical history of the pregnant woman. In fresh samples the damage ranged from 14 to 375 AU, being higher in cases where the maternal age was higher. The highest damage value (375 UA) was observed in a case where the pregnant woman suffered from epilepsy. In all cases there was a high repair rate, which was most evident after 48h in culture, in which 50% of the cases had repair greater than 90% compared to the initial damage. This conclusion allows us to speculate that the origin of the damage in some cases may have been induced by external factors such as the conditions for sampling. The study of DNA damage in abortion products was an innovative approach and there is no data in the literature on damage assessment in this type of samples. In this work it was corroborated the information that cryopreservation increases the damage in DNA and an increase in damage to cells was observed after this process. DNA repair ability was not equal for all samples and was not associated with cytogenetic abnormalities, which raises new research perspectives. The persistence of DNA damage in some samples indicates that the role of DNA damage in the source of abortion should be investigated.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Biotecnologia para as Ciências da Saúde

Country
Portugal
Keywords

chromosomal abnormalities, Miscarriage

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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