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handle: 10284/5092 , http://hdl.handle.net/10284/5092
A Doença de Alzheimer é a causa mais frequente de demência e carateriza-se a nível histológico por perda neuronal e redução do número de sinapses, o que leva a uma atrofia cerebral cortical. O mecanismo fisiopatológico da doença de Alzheimer ainda não está totalmente compreendido, mas acredita-se que a neuroinflamação desempenha um papel crítico neste processo (Gurav, 2014; Sá, 2014). A periodontite é uma infeção oral comum associada a bactérias anaeróbias gram negativas, capazes de provocar infeções localizadas e sistémicas através da libertação de citoquinas pró-inflamatórias na circulação (Gurav, 2014). A inflamação é reconhecida na aterosclerose e doença cardiovascular, e pode ter também um papel importante na Doença de Alzheimer, estando os marcadores inflamatórios associados ao declínio cognitivo (Watts, Crimmins e Gatz, 2008). A periodontite partilha as duas características importante com a Doença de Alzheimer, nomeadamente o stress oxidativo e a inflamação que estão associadas à patologia cerebral observada na Doença de Alzheimer (Watts, Crimmins e Gatz, 2008; Gurav, 2014). O objetivo do presente trabalho é caracterizar o paciente com Doença de Alzheimer, no que respeita à fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e terapêuticas relacionando-a também com a doença periodontal, nomeadamente a periodontite; pretende-se destacar os agentes patogénicos e outras possíveis vias de interligação entre estas duas doenças crónicas inflamatórias que poderão contribuir para o desenvolvimento da Doença de Alzheimer. Alzheimer's disease is the most frequent cause of dementia and it is featured in a histological level by neuronal loss and a reduced number of synapses, which leads to a cerebral cortical atrophy. The pathophysiological mechanism of Alzheimer's disease is still not fully understood but it is believed that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in this process (Gurav, 2014; Sá, 2014). Periodontitis is a common infection associated with oral anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria capable of causing localized and systemic infections by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines in the circulation (Gurav, 2014). Inflammation is recognized in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, and may also play a role in Alzheimer's disease, with inflammatory markers being associated with cognitive decline (Watts, Crimmins, and Gatz, 2008). The periodontitis shares two important characteristics with Alzheimer's disease, in particular: oxidative stress and inflammation which are associated with brain pathology seen in Alzheimer's disease (Watts, Crimmins, and Gatz, 2008; Gurav, 2014). The objective of this study is to characterize the patient with Alzheimer's disease, with regard to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic relating it also with periodontal disease, including periodontitis; it is intended to highlight the pathogens and other possible interconnection routes between these two chronic inflammatory diseases that may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease.
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