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Engenharia de tecidos na substituição de tecido ósseo

Authors: Moreno, Mónica Sofia Moreira da Silva;

Engenharia de tecidos na substituição de tecido ósseo

Abstract

Actualmente milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo são afectadas por problemas degenerativos e inflamatórios dos ossos e articulações. Estes representam cerca de metade das doenças crónicas desenvolvidas em indivíduos com mais de 50 anos, conduzindo a problemas de dor prolongada e incapacidade física. A sua prevalência aumenta com a idade e estilo de vida, pelo que, com o aumento da população idosa, estes casos têm vindo a aumentar. A resolução destas situações normalmente exige cirurgias que envolvem a aplicação de, implantes ou enxertos ósseos. Apesar do êxito destas soluções terapêuticas, têm surgido alguns inconvenientes, relacionados com o facto de os implantes serem susceptíveis ao desenvolvimento de infecções e dos enxertos, poderem originar dores, infecções, morte dos tecidos do local dador e rejeições imunológicas. Com a finalidade de colmatar estas limitações surgiu a Engenharia de Tecidos, que constitui uma área promissora na reparação e reconstrução de lesões ósseas, através do desenvolvimento de matrizes tridimensionais porosas, habitualmente designadas por scaffolds. Associadas a estas estruturas estão células osteoprogenitoras e factores de crescimento, que conduzem à formação de tecido ósseo novo, através da estimulação da capacidade natural de regeneração dos tecidos do paciente. Neste trabalho de revisão bibliográfica é feita a compilação das metodologias e conceitos relacionados com a técnica da Engenharia de Tecidos na substituição de tecidos ósseos. A composição do tecido ósseo e os biomateriais utilizados em implantes ortopédicos são referidos. Os diferentes tipos de scaffolds e os seus diversos métodos de produção são descritos. Por fim, são abordadas várias técnicas (in vitro e in vivo) para a avaliação dos biomateriais de uso humano. Currently million people worldwide are affected by inflammatory and degenerative problems of the bones and articulations. These conditions represent about a half of the chronic diseases developed in individuals over 50 years, leading to problems of prolonged pain and physical inability. Their prevalence rises with age and lifestyle. Therefore, with the growth of the elderly population that has been observed, these cases have been increasing. These situations usually require surgery, where bone grafts or implants are used. Nonetheless, despite the success of these therapeutic solutions, some drawbacks have been pointed out, which are related the risk of development of infections for implants. In contrast, for grafts, pains, infections, tissue death on the donor site and immunological rejections have been described. To overcome these limitations the tissue engineering have been developed, which constitutes a promising area for repair and rebuild bone lesions, through the development of three-dimensional porous matrices, commonly known as scaffolds. Associated with these structures are the osteoprogenitor cells and growth factors, that lead to the formation of new bone by stimulating the natural regeneration ability of the patient's tissue. In this review work is presented a compilation of the most important methodologies and concepts that are related to the technique of tissue engineering for the replacement of bone tissues. The composition of the bone tissue and the biomaterials more used in orthopedic implants are referred. Moreover, the different types of scaffolds and their different production methods are described. Finally, various in vitro and in vivo techniques for the evaluation of biomaterials for human use are discussed.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Scaffolds, Biomaterials, Tecido ósseo, Bone tissue, Engenharia de tecidos, Implants, Tissue engineering, Implantes, Grafts, Biomateriais, Enxertos

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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OpenAIRE UsageCountsViews provided by UsageCounts
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