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Metabolismo do etanol

Authors: Vieira, Joana Margarida Fernandes;

Metabolismo do etanol

Abstract

De todas as drogas de abuso, o etanol é uma das drogas mais acessíveis e com maior taxa de consumo abusivo por parte dos Portugueses, sendo talvez uma das drogas mais antigas utilizadas pela espécie humana, os efeitos do seu consumo excessivo são conhecidos desde a Antiguidade. O álcool ou etanol é uma droga legalizada e comercializada na sociedade, que faz parte dos hábitos alimentares humanos. O alcoolismo é uma doença complexa que envolve fatores ambientais, socias, psicológicos e genéticos, tornando-se um problema social quando existem circunstâncias sociais e culturais que fomentam e tornam possível o seu uso generalizado. Os padrões de consumo têm-se vindo a alterar ao longo dos anos, em especial nas camadas mais jovens. O etanol é desintoxicado e eliminado principalmente no fígado através de uma série de alterações metabólicas de reações oxidativas, sendo que na primeira reação o etanol é catalisado por uma enzima, a Álcool desidrogenase (ADH). No individuo bebedor excessivo /alcoólico crónico, em que a atividade de ADH pode encontrar-se já bloqueada, duas outras vias, “vias de recurso”, são também chamadas a intervir: a via do Sistema Mitocondrial de oxidação do etanol (MEOS) pelo citocromo P450 (CYP2E1), e a da catálase, localizada nos peroxissomas dos hepatócitos.(Mello, Barrias et al. 2001; Kachani, Brasiliano et al. 2008) Independentemente do sistema enzimático, ADH, MEOS ou catalase, a primeira etapa do metabolismo do etanol leva à produção de hidrogénio e acetaldeído, sendo este, subsequentemente, metabolizado por uma aldeído desidrogenase NAD-dependente, presente na mitocôndria, onde o acetaldeído é transformado em acetato. As repercussões metabólicas pelo consumo cronico de álcool são vários e complexas, como a esteatose, fibrose hepática, síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff, hipoglicemia, entre outros. Torna-se imperativo que o profissional de saúde conheça o metabolismo, interações e repercussões do álcool para assim conseguir alertar e aconselhar sobre as consequências do consumo cronico de álcool, de modo a atingir a melhoria da qualidade de vida do doente. Neste trabalho objetiva-se o conhecimento do metabolismo do etanol e suas implicações, de modo a permitir um conhecimento aprofundado que represente uma ferramenta importante no exercício profissional das Ciências Farmacêuticas no contato com a saúde pública Portuguesa. Of all of the abuse drugs, ethanol is one of the most accessible and with the highest consume rate by Portuguese people, maybe being one of the oldest drugs ever used by the human species, the effects of excessive consumption are well known since ancient times. Alcohol or ethanol is a legal drug marketed in society and is part of human eating habits. Alcoholism is a complex disease that involves environmental, social, psychological and genetic factors, becoming a social problem when there are social and cultural circumstances that encourage and make possible its widespread use. Consumption patterns have been changing throughout the years, especially in younger generations. Ethanol is detoxified and eliminated by the liver primarily through a series of metabolic changes of oxidative reactions, being that in the first reaction ethanol is catalysed by an enzyme, the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). In an excessive drinker / chronic alcoholic, in whom the ADH activity may already be blocked, two other ways, "remedies" are also called to intervene: the Mitochondrial System of ethanol oxidation (MEOS) by the cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1), and catalase located in the peroxisomes of hepatocytes. Regardless of the enzyme system, ADH, MEOS or catalase, the first step of ethanol metabolism leads to the production of hydrogen and acetaldehyde, which is subsequently metabolized by an NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, present in the mitochondria, where the acetaldehyde is converted into acetate. The metabolic repercussions by chronic consumption of alcohol are many and complex, such as steatosis, hepatic fibrosis, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, hypoglycemia, among other. It is imperative that health professionals know metabolism, interactions and alcohol effects so they may warn and offer advice on the consequences of chronic alcohol consumption, in order to improve the patient’s quality of life. This study aims to the understanding of ethanol’s metabolism and its implications, to enable a thorough knowledge, which represents an important tool in the practice of Pharmaceutical Sciences in contact with Portuguese public health.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Álcool, Effects of ethanol, Metabolismo do etanol, Repercussões do etanol, Alcohol, Ethanol metabolism

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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