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Origin and composition of organic matter in pits from the Neolithic settlement at Murr, Bavaria

Authors: Kögel-Knabner, I.; Schmid, E. M.; Knicker, Heike; Skjemstad, J. O.; Bäumler, R.;

Origin and composition of organic matter in pits from the Neolithic settlement at Murr, Bavaria

Abstract

[IT]: Origine e composizione della materia organica proveniente da pozzetti dell’insediamento neolitico di Murr, Baviera. Il sito archeologico di Murr (Baviera superiore), è stato abitato per tutto il Neolitico, tra 5500 e 2700 a.C. Nell’area sono stati rinvenuti numerosi pozzetti ed un fossato, distinguibili dal circostante suolo limoso per il colore bruno scuro del riempimento. Quantunque siano stati rinvenuti numerosi reperti, allo stato attuale delle ricerche né la natura del riempimento né la funzione dei pozzetti e del fossato sono ancora state comprese. Pertanto, la composizione della materia organica di 30 strati di riempimento di 11 pozzetti di questo insediamento è stata analizzata e confrontata con quella di un vicino Luvisol e due orizzonti A di Phaeozems della stessa età della Germania meridionale. Sui campioni sono state effettuate analisi di C ed N, misurazioni del colore, spettroscopia a stato solido CP MAS NMR del 13C, frazionamento/foto-ossidazione UV ad alta energia/spettroscopia 13C CP MAS NMR combinati, analisi dei polisaccaridi e della lignina. Il contenuto in C organico nei campioni neolitici è maggiore che negli orizzonti dei Luvisol, ma in genere minore che negli orizzonti A dei contemporanei Phaeozem sviluppati su loess. I campioni neolitici mostrano una maggiore intensità dei colori scuri rispetto a quella dei vicini Luvisol. Il contenuto in C organico dei campioni neolitici è correlato al colore, e le misure NMR a stato solido di 13C indicano che questa correlazione è dovuta soprattutto al loro contenuto in C aromatico, che è notevolmente superiore rispetto a quello dei suoli contemporanei. Nei campioni neolitici il contenuto in polisaccaridi è basso e non vi sono fenoli derivati dalla lignina. Da 29 a 77% del carbonio organico dei suoli ha resistito all’ossidazione UV, soprattutto come strutture aromatiche. La spettroscopia NMR a sfasamento dipolare ha posto in evidenza un forte grado di condensazione degli anelli aromatici, mentre la microscopia SEM ha mostrato morfologie vegetali. Riassumendo, il riempimento organico dei pozzetti neolitici mostra differenze significative nella composizione chimica generale rispetto ai circostanti suoli. È costituito da materiale fortemente aromatico molto alterato e senza prodotti di degrado della lignina, di origine probabilmente estranea al suolo. Vi sono forti indizi che il C aromatico derivi da carbone che ebbe origine da materiale pedogenetico coinvolto in incendi di vegetazione oppure da altro materiale organico carbonizzato, ad esempio residui di cottura o focolari neolitici.

[EN]: The archaeological site in Murr, Upper Bavaria, was settled over the whole Neolithic period between 5500 and 2700 BC. Various pits and a ditch were found in the area, distinct from the surrounding loamy soil by the dark-brown colour of their filling materials. Although numerous artefacts were found, at the present stage of research neither the nature of the filling material nor the function of pits and ditches are well understood. Thus, the organic matter composition of 30 filling layers from 11 Neolithic pits of this settlement was investigated and compared to that of a close-by Luvisol profile and two A horizons from contemporary Phaeozems in southern Germany. The samples were subjected to C and N analysis, soil colour measurements, solid-state 13C CP MAS nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, combined fractionation/highenergy ultraviolet (UV) photo-oxidation/13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy, polysaccharide and lignin analysis. The organic carbon contents are higher in the Neolithic samples than in the Luvisol horizons, but are generally lower than in the A horizons of contemporary phaeozemic soils developed from loess. The Neolithic samples show much higher colour intensity in darkness than the surrounding Luvisol horizons. The organic carbon content of the Neolithic samples can be correlated with the colour lightness value. Solid-state 13C NMR measurements revealed that this correlation is mostly due to their aromatic carbon content, which is considerably higher in the Neolithic samples compared to the contemporary soils. Low polysaccharide contents and no lignin-derived phenols are found in the Neolithic samples. Between 29 and 77% of soil organic carbon survived UV photo-oxidation, mostly present as aromatic structures. Dipolar dephasing NMR spectroscopy indicated a high degree of condensation for the aromatic rings, while scanning electron microscopy showed that the material had a plant-like morphology. Summarizing, the organic material filling the Neolithic pits shows significant differences in the overall chemical composition compared to the surrounding soil. It represents a highly altered, highly aromatic material, with no evidence for lignindegradation products, probably deriving from non-soil origin. There is strong evidence that the aromatic carbon is derived from charcoal. The material either originated from soil material that has undergone vegetation fires or from other charred organic material, e.g. residues from cooking or Neolithic fire places.

10 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, 35 references.-- Como conferencia fue presentada en International Conference on soils and Archaeology 2: 47-49 (2003).-- International conference on soils and archaeology 2nd, International conference on soils and archaeology, Felici, Pisa, Italia.

This work was supported by the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Ko 1035/8-1).

Peer reviewed

Country
Spain
Related Organizations
Keywords

Materia organica, Pozzetti, Germany, Pits, Bavaria, Germania, Phaeozem, Luvisol, Organic matter, Baviera, Neolithic, Neolitico

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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