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pmid: 23364625
handle: 2445/99420 , 10261/80425
[ES]El síndrome hemolítico urémico (SHU) es una entidad clínica definida por la tríada anemia hemolítica no inmune, trombocitopenia e insuficiencia renal aguda, en la que las lesiones subyacentes están mediadas por un proceso de microangiopatía trombótica (MAT) sistémica. El SHU atípico (SHUa) es un subtipo de SHU en el que los fenómenos de MAT son consecuencia de la pérdida de regulación de la vía alternativa del complemento sobre las superficies celulares de causa genética. El SHUa es una enfermedad ultra-rara que, pese al tratamiento estándar con terapia plasmática, frecuentemente evoluciona a la insuficiencia renal crónica terminal, con elevada mortalidad. En los últimos años, se ha establecido el papel clave que desempeña el sistema del complemento en la inducción de daño endotelial en los pacientes con SHUa, mediante la caracterización de múltiples mutaciones y polimorfismos en los genes que codifican determinados factores del complemento. Eculizumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal que inhibe la fracción terminal del complemento bloqueando la formación del complejo de ataque de membrana. En estudios prospectivos en pacientes con SHUa su administración ha demostrado la interrupción rápida y sostenida del proceso de MAT, con mejorías significativas de la función renal a largo plazo y con una reducción importante de la necesidad de diálisis o terapia plasmática. En el presente documento se revisan y actualizan los diversos aspectos de interés de esta enfermedad, con especial atención a cómo los recientes avances diagnósticos y terapéuticos pueden modificar el tratamiento de los pacientes con SHUa.
[EN]Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is a clinical entitydefined as the triad of nonimmune haemolytic anaemia,thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure, in which theunderlying lesions are mediated by systemic thromboticmicroangiopathy (TMA). Atypical HUS (aHUS) is a sub-typeof HUS in which the TMA phenomena are the consequenceof decreased regulation of the alternative complementpathway on cell surfaces due to a genetic cause. aHUS is anextremely rare disease that, despite the administration ofstandard treatment with plasma therapy, often progressesto terminal chronic renal failure with a high associated rateof mortality. In recent years, research has established thekey role that the complement system plays in the inductionof endothelial damage in patients with aHUS, through thecharacterisation of multiple mutations and polymorphismsin the genes that code for certain complement factors.Eculizumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits theterminal fraction of the complement protein, blocking theformation of a cell membrane attack complex. Inprospective studies in patients with aHUS, administeringeculizumab produces a rapid and sustained interruption inthe TMA process, with significant improvements in long-term renal function and an important decrease in the needfor dialysis or plasma therapy. In this document, we reviewand bring up to date the important aspects of this disease,with special emphasis on how recent advancements indiagnostic and therapeutic processes can modify thetreatment of patients with aHUS.
The research carried out by Dr Rodriguez de Cordoba is financedby the Ministry of Economy and Competition (SAF2010-26583),the Autonomous Community of Madrid (S2010/BMD-2316), andthe Fundacion Renal Inigo Alvarez de Toledo.The authors would like to thank Alexion Pharmaceuticals fortheir logistic support in carrying out the consensus meetings,as well as editorial support through Ogilvy Healthworld.
Peer reviewed
Blood platelet disorders, Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, Complement, Therapeutics, Síndrome hemolítico urémico atípico, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Acute renal failure, Humans, Thrombotic microangiopathy, Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Microangiopatía trombótica, Hematologic diseases, Eculizumab, Terapèutica, Insuficiència renal aguda, Malalties hematològiques, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Monoclonal antibodies, Complemento, Hemolytic anemia, Trastorns de les plaquetes sanguínies, Anticossos monoclonals, Algorithms, Anèmia hemolítica
Blood platelet disorders, Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, Complement, Therapeutics, Síndrome hemolítico urémico atípico, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Acute renal failure, Humans, Thrombotic microangiopathy, Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Microangiopatía trombótica, Hematologic diseases, Eculizumab, Terapèutica, Insuficiència renal aguda, Malalties hematològiques, Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Monoclonal antibodies, Complemento, Hemolytic anemia, Trastorns de les plaquetes sanguínies, Anticossos monoclonals, Algorithms, Anèmia hemolítica
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