
handle: 10261/80026
[ES]Los Tracios aparecieron en el sureste de la Península Balcánica en el segundo milenio a. de C. y durante el primer milenio a. de C. desarrollaron una cultura sofisticada. Una muestra de esta cultura fue la construcción de enterramientos bajo túmulo con estructuras megalíticas, que en un primer momento tomaron la forma de dólmenes. De acuerdo con las fuentes clásicas griegas y romanas, la religión de los Tracios tenía un carácter ctónico y solar, con una divinidad femenina principal, en forma de la montaña primigenia, y su hijo el Sol. Un elemento importante en esta religión, y un motivo recurrente en el arte Tracio, es la del caballero. En este artículo presentamos resultados de una investigación arqueoastronómica en el sureste de Bulgaria en que en dos campañas hemos medido un número significativo de dólmenes Tracios. Los dólmenes presentan una orientación consistente al suroeste que parece no ajustarse a explicaciones a partir del carácter solar de la religión Tracia. Presentamos la hipótesis que las orientaciones de los dólmenes siguen un motivo doble. Por un lado los dólmenes han de mirar a lo alto de una montaña, que al mismo tiempo debe estar en la orientación adecuada al suroeste. De tal manera, en esa dirección se ve la puesta de las estrellas α y β del Centauro y la Cruz del Sur, que en la antigüedad formaban parte del Centauro. Así, en la dirección de la entrada al dolmen se vería la puesta del Centauro (tal vez el caballero) tras una montaña (tal vez imagen de la diosa).
[EN]Thracians appeared in the southeast of the Balkan Peninsula by the second millennium B.C. and during the first millennium developed a sophisticated culture. A manifestation of such sophistication was the construction of funerary structures such as dolmens. According with Greek and Roman sources, the Thracian religion had a solar-chthonic character, with a main goddess in the form of a mountain and her son the Sun god. An important motif of Thracian art that has been linked to the Thracian religion is the figure of the horse rider. In this article we present results from the archaeoastronomical investigation carried out in southeastern Bulgaria in two campaigns to measure a significant number of Thracian dolmens. We report that the dolmens show an orientation not exactly toward south and that they have no clear relation with the Sun and a marginal one with the Moon. We present the hypothesis that orientations must fulfill two conditions. They have to point toward a mountaintop that must be placed in the correct direction toward the southwest. In that direction, one could observe the setting of the stars α and β Centauri and the Southern Cross. These stars formed part of the Centaurus constellation in antiquity. In this way, from the entrance to the dolmen, the setting of Centaurus (perhaps the horse rider) behind a mountain (perhaps an image of the goddess) could have been observed.
This work was partially financed by Projects AYA 2004-01010 and AYA 2007-60213, Orientatio ad Sidera I and II, of the Spanish MICINN
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